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Counterfactual inference considers a hypothetical intervention in a parallel world that shares some evidence with the factual world. If the evidence specifies a conditional distribution on a manifold, counterfactuals may be analytically…

机器学习 · 统计学 2024-07-03 Juha Karvanen , Santtu Tikka , Matti Vihola

Counterfactual reasoning, a cornerstone of human cognition and decision-making, is often seen as the 'holy grail' of causal learning, with applications ranging from interpreting machine learning models to promoting algorithmic fairness.…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-04-11 Yahya Aalaila , Gerrit Großmann , Sumantrak Mukherjee , Jonas Wahl , Sebastian Vollmer

In the field of explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), sequential counterfactual (SCF) examples are often used to alter the decision of a trained classifier by implementing a sequence of modifications to the input instance. Although…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-11-02 E. Panagiotou , E. Ntoutsi

Counterfactual explanations elucidate algorithmic decisions by pointing to scenarios that would have led to an alternative, desired outcome. Giving insight into the model's behavior, they hint users towards possible actions and give grounds…

Counterfactual explanations utilize feature perturbations to analyze the outcome of an original decision and recommend an actionable recourse. We argue that it is beneficial to provide several alternative explanations rather than a single…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-01-24 Natraj Raman , Daniele Magazzeni , Sameena Shah

LLMs can be unpredictable, as even slight alterations to the prompt can cause the output to change in unexpected ways. Thus, the ability of models to accurately explain their behavior is critical, especially in high-stakes settings. One…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-11-26 Marvin Limpijankit , Yanda Chen , Melanie Subbiah , Nicholas Deas , Kathleen McKeown

Counterfactual regret minimization (CFR) is a family of algorithms for effectively solving imperfect-information games. To enhance CFR's applicability in large games, researchers use neural networks to approximate its behavior. However,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-11-12 Hang Xu , Kai Li , Haobo Fu , Qiang Fu , Junliang Xing , Jian Cheng

Counterfactual explanations describe how to modify a feature vector in order to flip the outcome of a trained classifier. Obtaining robust counterfactual explanations is essential to provide valid algorithmic recourse and meaningful…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-03-22 Alexandre Forel , Axel Parmentier , Thibaut Vidal

Modern recommender systems face an increasing need to explain their recommendations. Despite considerable progress in this area, evaluating the quality of explanations remains a significant challenge for researchers and practitioners. Prior…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2022-11-18 Yuanshun Yao , Chong Wang , Hang Li

Counterfactual explanations constitute among the most popular methods for analyzing black-box systems since they can recommend cost-efficient and actionable changes to the input of a system to obtain the desired system output. While most of…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-05-22 André Artelt , Andreas Gregoriades

Counterfactuals are central in causal human reasoning and the scientific discovery process. The uplift, also called conditional average treatment effect, measures the causal effect of some action, or treatment, on the outcome of an…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-12-10 Théo Verhelst , Denis Mercier , Jeevan Shrestha , Gianluca Bontempi

Fairness-aware recommendation eliminates discrimination issues to build trustworthy recommendation systems.Explaining the causes of unfair recommendations is critical, as it promotes fairness diagnostics, and thus secures users' trust in…

信息检索 · 计算机科学 2023-07-11 Xiangmeng Wang , Qian Li , Dianer Yu , Qing Li , Guandong Xu

Causal reasoning and logical reasoning are two important types of reasoning abilities for human intelligence. However, their relationship has not been extensively explored under machine intelligence context. In this paper, we explore how…

信息检索 · 计算机科学 2023-07-06 Jianchao Ji , Zelong Li , Shuyuan Xu , Max Xiong , Juntao Tan , Yingqiang Ge , Hao Wang , Yongfeng Zhang

Counterfactual explanations are viewed as an effective way to explain machine learning predictions. This interest is reflected by a relatively young literature with already dozens of algorithms aiming to generate such explanations. These…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-12-05 Raphael Mazzine , David Martens

Automated fact checking systems have been proposed that quickly provide veracity prediction at scale to mitigate the negative influence of fake news on people and on public opinion. However, most studies focus on veracity classifiers of…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2022-06-15 Shih-Chieh Dai , Yi-Li Hsu , Aiping Xiong , Lun-Wei Ku

With the rising need of interpretable machine learning methods, there is a necessity for a rise in human effort to provide diverse explanations of the influencing factors of the model decisions. To improve the trust and transparency of…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-02-05 Peiyu Li , Soukaina Filali Boubrahimi , Shah Muhammad Hamdi

Machine learning algorithms in socially sensitive domains (e.g., credit decisions) often focus on equalizing predictive outcomes. However, satisfying these metrics does not guarantee that models use the same reasoning for different groups.…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-14 Gideon Popoola , John Sheppard

Counterfactual regret minimization (CFR) is a popular method to deal with decision-making problems of two-player zero-sum games with imperfect information. Unlike existing studies that mostly explore for solving larger scale problems or…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-09-15 Huale Li , Xuan Wang , Fengwei Jia , Yifan Li , Yulin Wu , Jiajia Zhang , Shuhan Qi

The streams of research on adversarial examples and counterfactual explanations have largely been growing independently. This has led to several recent works trying to elucidate their similarities and differences. Most prominently, it has…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-03-18 Tobias Leemann , Martin Pawelczyk , Bardh Prenkaj , Gjergji Kasneci

Existing algorithms for generating Counterfactual Explanations (CXs) for Machine Learning (ML) typically assume fully specified inputs. However, real-world data often contains missing values, and the impact of these incomplete inputs on the…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-04-10 Francesco Leofante , Daniel Neider , Mustafa Yalçıner