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In speaker recognition, where speech segments are mapped to embeddings on the unit hypersphere, two scoring backends are commonly used, namely cosine scoring or PLDA. Both have advantages and disadvantages, depending on the context. Cosine…

State-of-art speaker verification (SV) systems use a back-end model to score the similarity of speaker embeddings extracted from a neural network model. The commonly used back-end models are the cosine scoring and the probabilistic linear…

Probabilistic Linear Discriminant Analysis (PLDA) was the dominant and necessary back-end for early speaker recognition approaches, like i-vector and x-vector. However, with the development of neural networks and margin-based loss…

The emergence of large-margin softmax cross-entropy losses in training deep speaker embedding neural networks has triggered a gradual shift from parametric back-ends to a simpler cosine similarity measure for speaker verification. Popular…

This paper focuses on multi-enrollment speaker recognition which naturally occurs in the task of online speaker clustering, and studies the properties of different scoring back-ends in this scenario. First, we show that popular cosine…

Probabilistic linear discriminant analysis (PLDA) or cosine similarity have been widely used in traditional speaker verification systems as back-end techniques to measure pairwise similarities. To make better use of multiple enrollment…

Probabilistic Linear Discriminant Analysis (PLDA) is a popular tool in open-set classification/verification tasks. However, the Gaussian assumption underlying PLDA prevents it from being applied to situations where the data is clearly…

Acoustic models using probabilistic linear discriminant analysis (PLDA) capture the correlations within feature vectors using subspaces which do not vastly expand the model. This allows high dimensional and correlated feature spaces to be…

Probabilistic linear discriminant analysis (PLDA) is commonly used in speaker verification systems to score the similarity of speaker embeddings. Recent studies improved the performance of PLDA in domain-matched conditions by diagonalizing…

The state-of-art approach to speaker verification involves the extraction of discriminative embeddings like x-vectors followed by a generative model back-end using a probabilistic linear discriminant analysis (PLDA). In this paper, we…

State-of-the-art speaker recognition systems comprise a speaker embedding front-end followed by a probabilistic linear discriminant analysis (PLDA) back-end. The effectiveness of these components relies on the availability of a large amount…

Probabilistic linear discriminant analysis (PLDA) is a popular normalization approach for the i-vector model, and has delivered state-of-the-art performance in speaker recognition. A potential problem of the PLDA model, however, is that it…

Speech utterances recorded under differing conditions exhibit varying degrees of confidence in their embedding estimates, i.e., uncertainty, even if they are extracted using the same neural network. This paper aims to incorporate the…

In this paper, we analyze the behavior and performance of speaker embeddings and the back-end scoring model under domain and language mismatch. We present our findings regarding ResNet-based speaker embedding architectures and show that…

While deep learning models have made significant advances in supervised classification problems, the application of these models for out-of-set verification tasks like speaker recognition has been limited to deriving feature embeddings. The…

We present MooseNet, a trainable speech metric that predicts the listeners' Mean Opinion Score (MOS). We propose a novel approach where the Probabilistic Linear Discriminative Analysis (PLDA) generative model is used on top of an embedding…

This paper investigates the application of the probabilistic linear discriminant analysis (PLDA) to speaker diarization of telephone conversations. We introduce using a variational Bayes (VB) approach for inference under a PLDA model for…

The standard state-of-the-art backend for text-independent speaker recognizers that use i-vectors or x-vectors, is Gaussian PLDA (G-PLDA), assisted by a Gaussianization step involving length normalization. G-PLDA can be trained with both…

The state-of-art approach for speaker verification consists of a neural network based embedding extractor along with a backend generative model such as the Probabilistic Linear Discriminant Analysis (PLDA). In this work, we propose a neural…

In this paper, we address the problem of speaker verification in conditions unseen or unknown during development. A standard method for speaker verification consists of extracting speaker embeddings with a deep neural network and processing…