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Adam has achieved strong empirical success, but its theory remains incomplete even in the deterministic full-batch setting, largely because adaptive preconditioning and momentum are tightly coupled. In this work, a convergent reformulation…

最优化与控制 · 数学 2026-04-13 Yaxin Yu , Long Chen , Zeyi Xu

Adam-type optimizers, as a class of adaptive moment estimation methods with the exponential moving average scheme, have been successfully used in many applications of deep learning. Such methods are appealing due to the capability on…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-12-17 Bingxin Zhou , Xuebin Zheng , Junbin Gao

Adam is a widely used optimizer in neural network training due to its adaptive learning rate. However, because different data samples influence model updates to varying degrees, treating them equally can lead to inefficient convergence. To…

机器学习 · 统计学 2025-12-09 Gyu Yeol Kim , Min-hwan Oh

Following the introduction of Adam, several novel adaptive optimizers for deep learning have been proposed. These optimizers typically excel in some tasks but may not outperform Adam uniformly across all tasks. In this work, we introduce…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-06-18 Kaan Ozkara , Can Karakus , Parameswaran Raman , Mingyi Hong , Shoham Sabach , Branislav Kveton , Volkan Cevher

Adam is a widely used stochastic optimization method for deep learning applications. While practitioners prefer Adam because it requires less parameter tuning, its use is problematic from a theoretical point of view since it may not…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-11-25 Mingrui Liu , Wei Zhang , Francesco Orabona , Tianbao Yang

We prove local convergence of several notable gradient descent algorithms used in machine learning, for which standard stochastic gradient descent theory does not apply directly. This includes, first, online algorithms for recurrent models…

动力系统 · 数学 2021-01-11 Pierre-Yves Massé , Yann Ollivier

Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam), which combines Adaptive Learning Rate and Momentum, would be the most popular stochastic optimizer for accelerating the training of deep neural networks. However, it is empirically known that Adam often…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-06-15 Zeke Xie , Xinrui Wang , Huishuai Zhang , Issei Sato , Masashi Sugiyama

Here I present a small update to the bias-correction term in the Adam optimizer that has the advantage of making smaller gradient updates in the first several steps of training. With the default bias-correction, Adam may actually make…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-10-25 John St John

Sharpness aware minimization (SAM) optimizer has been extensively explored as it can generalize better for training deep neural networks via introducing extra perturbation steps to flatten the landscape of deep learning models. Integrating…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-03-02 Hao Sun , Li Shen , Qihuang Zhong , Liang Ding , Shixiang Chen , Jingwei Sun , Jing Li , Guangzhong Sun , Dacheng Tao

The rapid scaling of large language models (LLMs) has made low-precision training essential for reducing memory, improving efficiency, and enabling larger models and datasets. Existing convergence theories for adaptive optimizers, however,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-03-03 Xuan Tang , Jichu Li , Difan Zou

It is known that the standard stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization method, as well as accelerated and adaptive SGD optimization methods such as the Adam optimizer fail to converge if the learning rates do not converge to zero (as,…

最优化与控制 · 数学 2024-06-21 Steffen Dereich , Arnulf Jentzen , Adrian Riekert

Adam is a popular and widely used adaptive gradient method in deep learning, which has also received tremendous focus in theoretical research. However, most existing theoretical work primarily analyzes its full-batch version, which differs…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-10-14 Xuan Tang , Han Zhang , Yuan Cao , Difan Zou

A common way to train neural networks is the Backpropagation. This algorithm includes a gradient descent method, which needs an adaptive step size. In the area of neural networks, the ADAM-Optimizer is one of the most popular adaptive step…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2018-04-30 Sebastian Bock , Josef Goppold , Martin Weiß

This paper deals with nonconvex stochastic optimization problems in deep learning and provides appropriate learning rates with which adaptive learning rate optimization algorithms, such as Adam and AMSGrad, can approximate a stationary…

最优化与控制 · 数学 2020-11-24 Hideaki Iiduka

The Adaptive Momentum Estimation (Adam) algorithm is highly effective in training various deep learning tasks. Despite this, there's limited theoretical understanding for Adam, especially when focusing on its vanilla form in non-convex…

最优化与控制 · 数学 2025-02-25 Yusu Hong , Junhong Lin

Adam is widely recognized as one of the most effective optimizers for training deep neural networks (DNNs). Despite its remarkable empirical success, its theoretical convergence analysis remains unsatisfactory. Existing works predominantly…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-07-10 Hanyang Peng , Shuang Qin , Yue Yu , Fangqing Jiang , Hui Wang , Zhouchen Lin

In neural network training, RMSProp and Adam remain widely favoured optimisation algorithms. One of the keys to their performance lies in selecting the correct step size, which can significantly influence their effectiveness. Additionally,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-04-05 Alokendu Mazumder , Rishabh Sabharwal , Manan Tayal , Bhartendu Kumar , Punit Rathore

Adaptive gradient methods such as Adam have been shown to be very effective for training deep neural networks (DNNs) by tracking the second moment of gradients to compute the individual learning rates. Differently from existing methods, we…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2019-02-26 Guoqiang Zhang , Kenta Niwa , W. Bastiaan Kleijn

Ever since Reddi et al. 2018 pointed out the divergence issue of Adam, many new variants have been designed to obtain convergence. However, vanilla Adam remains exceptionally popular and it works well in practice. Why is there a gap between…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-01-16 Yushun Zhang , Congliang Chen , Naichen Shi , Ruoyu Sun , Zhi-Quan Luo

Gradient descent based optimization methods are the methods of choice to train deep neural networks in machine learning. Beyond the standard gradient descent method, also suitable modified variants of standard gradient descent involving…

最优化与控制 · 数学 2025-04-29 Steffen Dereich , Arnulf Jentzen , Adrian Riekert