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A common explanation for the failure of out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization is that the model trained with empirical risk minimization (ERM) learns spurious features instead of invariant features. However, several recent studies…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-10-31 Yongqiang Chen , Wei Huang , Kaiwen Zhou , Yatao Bian , Bo Han , James Cheng

Out-of-distribution detection (OOD) deals with anomalous input to neural networks. In the past, specialized methods have been proposed to reject predictions on anomalous input. Similarly, it was shown that feature extraction models in…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-01-25 Jan Diers , Christian Pigorsch

The complex and dynamic real-world clinical environment demands reliable deep learning (DL) systems. Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection plays a critical role in enhancing the reliability and generalizability of DL models when encountering…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2026-04-16 Jiangbei Yue , Darren Treanor , Venkataraman Subramanian , Sharib Ali

Deep neural networks have attained remarkable performance when applied to data that comes from the same distribution as that of the training set, but can significantly degrade otherwise. Therefore, detecting whether an example is…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2020-04-02 Yen-Chang Hsu , Yilin Shen , Hongxia Jin , Zsolt Kira

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for ensuring the reliability of deep learning models operating in open-world scenarios. Current OOD detectors mainly rely on statistical models to identify unusual patterns in the latent…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-06-06 Konstantin Kirchheim , Frank Ortmeier

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection recently has drawn attention due to its critical role in the safe deployment of modern neural network architectures in real-world applications. The OOD detectors aim to distinguish samples that lie…

信号处理 · 电气工程与系统科学 2023-06-16 Sabri Mustafa Kahya , Muhammet Sami Yavuz , Eckehard Steinbach

This paper presents a fast, principled approach for detecting anomalous and out-of-distribution (OOD) samples in deep neural networks (DNN). We propose the application of linear statistical dimensionality reduction techniques on the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-03-22 Ibrahima J. Ndiour , Nilesh A. Ahuja , Omesh Tickoo

Although Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have high accuracy in image recognition, they are vulnerable to adversarial examples and out-of-distribution data, and the difference from human recognition has been pointed out. In order to…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-09-07 Koki Mukai , Soichiro Kumano , Toshihiko Yamasaki

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection, aiming to distinguish outliers from known categories, has gained prominence in practical scenarios. Recently, the advent of vision-language models (VLM) has heightened interest in enhancing OOD detection…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-02-27 Fanhu Zeng , Zhen Cheng , Fei Zhu , Hongxin Wei , Xu-Yao Zhang

There is an increasing need to determine whether inputs are out-of-distribution (\emph{OOD}) for safely deploying machine learning models in the open world scenario. Typical neural classifiers are based on the closed world assumption, where…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-08-15 Sen Pei , Xin Zhang , Bin Fan , Gaofeng Meng

Out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs can compromise the performance and safety of real world machine learning systems. While many methods exist for OOD detection and work well on small scale datasets with lower resolution and few classes, few…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2023-03-15 Hong Yang , William Gebhardt , Alexander G. Ororbia , Travis Desell

Standard recognition approaches are unable to deal with novel categories at test time. Their overconfidence on the known classes makes the predictions unreliable for safety-critical applications such as healthcare or autonomous driving.…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2023-07-13 Lorenzo Li Lu , Giulia D'Ascenzi , Francesco Cappio Borlino , Tatiana Tommasi

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical to ensuring the reliability and safety of machine learning systems. For instance, in autonomous driving, we would like the driving system to issue an alert and hand over the control to humans…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-01-24 Jingkang Yang , Kaiyang Zhou , Yixuan Li , Ziwei Liu

Recent studies have addressed the concern of detecting and rejecting the out-of-distribution (OOD) samples as a major challenge in the safe deployment of deep learning (DL) models. It is desired that the DL model should only be confident…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-10-18 Umar Khalid , Ashkan Esmaeili , Nazmul Karim , Nazanin Rahnavard

Deep neural networks have achieved great success in classification tasks during the last years. However, one major problem to the path towards artificial intelligence is the inability of neural networks to accurately detect samples from…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-03-16 Aristotelis-Angelos Papadopoulos , Mohammad Reza Rajati , Nazim Shaikh , Jiamian Wang

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is crucial for trustworthy AI in real-world applications. Leveraging recent advances in representation learning and latent embeddings, Various scoring algorithms estimate distributions beyond the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-09-20 Jeng-Lin Li , Ming-Ching Chang , Wei-Chao Chen

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for deploying robust machine learning models, especially in areas where security is critical. However, traditional OOD detection methods often fail to capture complex data distributions from…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-08-22 Armando Zhu , Jiabei Liu , Keqin Li , Shuying Dai , Bo Hong , Peng Zhao , Changsong Wei

Existing out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods are typically benchmarked on training sets with balanced class distributions. However, in real-world applications, it is common for the training sets to have long-tailed distributions. In…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-07-05 Haotao Wang , Aston Zhang , Yi Zhu , Shuai Zheng , Mu Li , Alex Smola , Zhangyang Wang

Estimating uncertainty from deep neural networks is a widely used approach for detecting out-of-distribution (OoD) samples, which typically exhibit high predictive uncertainty. However, conventional methods such as Monte Carlo (MC) Dropout…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-07-25 JinYoung Kim , DaeUng Jo , Kimin Yun , Jeonghyo Song , Youngjoon Yoo

As deep learning methods form a critical part in commercially important applications such as autonomous driving and medical diagnostics, it is important to reliably detect out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs while employing these algorithms.…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2018-09-12 Apoorv Vyas , Nataraj Jammalamadaka , Xia Zhu , Dipankar Das , Bharat Kaul , Theodore L. Willke