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Recently, some discussions arose as to the definition of charge and the value of the density of charge in stationary-current-carrying conductors. We stress that the problem of charge definition comes from a misunderstanding of the usual…

The low-energy amplitude of Compton scattering on the bound state of two charged particles of arbitrary masses, charges and spins is calculated. A case in which the bound state exists due to electromagnetic interaction (QED) is considered.…

The use of light front coordinates allows a fully relativistic description of a hadron's spatial densities to be obtained. These densities must be two-dimensional and transverse to a chosen spatial direction. We explore their relationship…

On the basis of the correspondence principle between the relativistic moving medium electrodynamics and relativistic quantum field theory the covariant Lagrangian of the electromagnetic field interaction with the polarized spin particles…

Electromagnetic form factors have long been used to probe the underlying charge and magnetization densities of hadrons and nuclei. Traditional three-dimensional Fourier transform methods are not rigorously applicable for systems with…

We clarify the meaning of spatial densities of hadrons. A physical density is given by the expectation value of a local operator for a physical state, and depends on both internal structure and the hadron's wave packet. In some particular…

We show that the matrix element of a local operator between hadronic states gives rise to an unambiguous definition of the associated spatial density. As an explicit example, we consider the charge density of a spinless particle in the rest…

Using the recent empirical information on the deuteron electromagnetic form factors we map out the transverse charge density in the deuteron as viewed from a light front moving towards the deuteron. The charge densities for a transversely…

We study the relativistic 2D charge distributions in the case of a spin-$1$ target. These charge distributions are based on a phase-space approach allowing one to study their frame dependence, and hence to relate the familiar rest-frame…

We work out the spatial density distributions corresponding to the axial-vector charge density operator for spin-1/2 systems using states described by sharply localized wave packets in arbitrary Lorentz-frames. The static approximation,…

We revisit Minkowski's lost legacy on relativistic electromagnetism in order to resolve long-standing puzzles over the charge distribution of relativistic systems like hadrons. Hadrons are unique relativistic electromagnetic systems…

Electromagnetic polarizabilities describe the response of a system to the application of an external quasi-static electric or magnetic field. In this article experimental and theoretical work addressing the polarizabilities of the light…

The matter density distribution inside a hadron is evaluated using gauge-invariant correlation functions within the quenched and the unquenched theory. Comparison with the charge density distribution suggests that hadron deformation is a…

A gas of electrons confined to a plane is examined in both the relativistic and nonrelativistic case. Using a (0+1)-dimensional effective theory, a remarkably simple method is proposed to calculate the spin density induced by an uniform…

We clarify the physical origin and meaning of the two-dimensional relativistic densities of the light front formalism. The densities are shown to originate entirely from the use of light front time instead of instant form time, which…

Densities associated with the energy-momentum tensor are calculated for spin-one targets. These calculations are done in a light front formalism, which accounts for relativistic effects due to boosts and allows for arbitrary spatial…

A new term describing interactions between charge and potentials may be added to the right hand side of the Einstein equations. In the proposed term an additional tensor has been introduced containing a charge density, analogous to the…

Depending on the recent experiments and some new way of explaining electron we have developed here equations for velocities of different mode with the charge density. This includes as well how the charge-density can be distributed in the…

Rapidity divergences occur when parton densities in a gauge theory are defined in the most natural way, as expectation values of partonic number operators in light-front quantization. I review these and other related divergences, and show…

Relativistic heavy ion collisions are studied assuming that particles can be described by a hadron gas in thermal and chemical equilibrium. The exact conservation of baryon number, strangeness and charge are explicitly taken into account.…