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Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a task that detects OOD samples during inference to ensure the safety of deployed models. However, conventional benchmarks have reached performance saturation, making it difficult to compare recent OOD…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-05-30 Shiho Noda , Atsuyuki Miyai , Qing Yu , Go Irie , Kiyoharu Aizawa

It is crucial to detect when an instance lies downright too far from the training samples for the machine learning model to be trusted, a challenge known as out-of-distribution (OOD) detection. For neural networks, one approach to this task…

Deep neural networks (DNNs) often exhibit overconfidence when encountering out-of-distribution (OOD) samples, posing significant challenges for deployment. Since DNNs are trained on in-distribution (ID) datasets, the information flow of ID…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-04-07 Guide Yang , Chao Hou , Weilong Peng , Xiang Fang , Yongwei Nie , Peican Zhu , Keke Tang

While there has been a growing research interest in developing out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods, there has been comparably little discussion around how these methods should be evaluated. Given their relevance for safe(r) AI, it…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2023-06-27 Galadrielle Humblot-Renaux , Sergio Escalera , Thomas B. Moeslund

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, crucial for reliable pattern classification, discerns whether a sample originates outside the training distribution. This paper concentrates on the high-dimensional features output by the final…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-05-06 Qiuyu Zhu , Yiwei He

Deep neural networks (DNNs), especially convolutional neural networks, have achieved superior performance on image classification tasks. However, such performance is only guaranteed if the input to a trained model is similar to the training…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2021-01-28 Liang Liang , Linhai Ma , Linchen Qian , Jiasong Chen

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential to prevent anomalous inputs from causing a model to fail during deployment. While improved OOD detection methods have emerged, they often rely on the final layer outputs and require a full…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2021-05-03 Ziqian Lin , Sreya Dutta Roy , Yixuan Li

Effective out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for reliable machine learning models, yet most current methods are limited in practical use due to requirements like access to training data or intervention in training. We present a…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-03-13 Fran Jelenić , Josip Jukić , Martin Tutek , Mate Puljiz , Jan Šnajder

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for reliable deployment of deep learning systems, yet the majority of existing methods are evaluated on small, visually homogeneous benchmarks. In this work, we study six OOD detection…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2026-05-12 Devesh Shah

Consider a prediction setting with few in-distribution labeled examples and many unlabeled examples both in- and out-of-distribution (OOD). The goal is to learn a model which performs well both in-distribution and OOD. In these settings,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-04-08 Sang Michael Xie , Ananya Kumar , Robbie Jones , Fereshte Khani , Tengyu Ma , Percy Liang

Our work investigates out-of-distribution (OOD) detection as a neural network output explanation problem. We learn a heatmap representation for detecting OOD images while visualizing in- and out-of-distribution image regions at the same…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2023-08-14 Julia Hornauer , Vasileios Belagiannis

Most classification and segmentation datasets assume a closed-world scenario in which predictions are expressed as distribution over a predetermined set of visual classes. However, such assumption implies unavoidable and often unnoticeable…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2018-10-02 Petra Bevandić , Ivan Krešo , Marin Oršić , Siniša Šegvić

Our goal in this paper is to exploit heteroscedastic temperature scaling as a calibration strategy for out of distribution (OOD) detection. Heteroscedasticity here refers to the fact that the optimal temperature parameter for each sample…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-12-05 Rushil Anirudh , Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data is essential for safe deployment of deep neural networks (DNNs). This problem becomes particularly challenging in the presence of long-tailed in-distribution (ID) datasets, often leading to high…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-11-25 Nimeshika Udayangani , Hadi M. Dolatabadi , Sarah Erfani , Christopher Leckie

Existing out-of-distribution (OOD) detectors are often tuned by a separate dataset deemed OOD with respect to the training distribution of a neural network (NN). OOD detectors process the activations of NN layers and score the output, where…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-02-06 Sudeepta Mondal , Xinyi Mary Xie , Ruxiao Duan , Alex Wong , Ganesh Sundaramoorthi

In the dynamic realms of machine learning and deep learning, the robustness and reliability of models are paramount, especially in critical real-world applications. A fundamental challenge in this sphere is managing Out-of-Distribution…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-03-07 Yingrui Ji , Yao Zhu , Zhigang Li , Jiansheng Chen , Yunlong Kong , Jingbo Chen

Identifying Out-of-distribution (OOD) data is becoming increasingly critical as the real-world applications of deep learning methods expand. Post-hoc methods modify softmax scores fine-tuned on outlier data or leverage intermediate feature…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-07-16 Saandeep Aathreya , Shaun Canavan

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are often constructed under the closed-world assumption, which may fail to generalize to the out-of-distribution (OOD) data. This leads to DNNs producing overconfident wrong predictions and can result in…

机器学习 · 统计学 2024-12-31 Yang Chen , Chih-Li Sung , Arpan Kusari , Xiaoyang Song , Wenbo Sun

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is an essential approach to robustifying deep learning models, enabling them to identify inputs that fall outside of their trained distribution. Existing OOD detection methods usually depend on crafted…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-12-05 Yifan Wu , Xichen Ye , Songmin Dai , Dengye Pan , Xiaoqiang Li , Weizhong Zhang , Yifan Chen

The application of machine learning in safety-critical systems requires a reliable assessment of uncertainty. However, deep neural networks are known to produce highly overconfident predictions on out-of-distribution (OOD) data. Even if…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-10-19 Alexander Meinke , Julian Bitterwolf , Matthias Hein