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The standardization of NVMe Zoned Namespaces (ZNS) in the NVMe 2.0 specification presents a unique new addition to storage devices. Unlike traditional SSDs, where the flash media management idiosyncrasies are hidden behind a flash…

操作系统 · 计算机科学 2022-06-06 Nick Tehrany , Animesh Trivedi

Zoned Namespace (ZNS) SSDs offer a new storage model that allows for high throughput and low-latency storage by eliminating device-side garbage collection. The ZNS interface exposes storage as append-only zones, thus enforcing host…

硬件体系结构 · 计算机科学 2026-04-21 Teona Bagashvili , Tarikul Islam Papon , Subhadeep Sarkar , Manos Athanassoulis

Persistent key-value (KV) stores mostly build on the Log-Structured Merge (LSM) tree for high write performance, yet the LSM-tree suffers from the inherently high I/O amplification. KV separation mitigates I/O amplification by storing only…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2019-06-18 Yongkun Li , Helen H. W. Chan , Patrick P. C. Lee , Yinlong Xu

Log-structured merge tree (LSM-tree) based key-value stores are widely employed in large-scale storage systems. In the compaction of the key-value store, SSTables are merged with overlapping key ranges and sorted for data queries. This,…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2018-07-12 Hui Sun , Wei Liu , Jianzhong Huang , Weisong Shi

Large language models (LLMs) rely on Key-Value (KV) cache to reduce time-to-first-token (TTFT) latency, but existing disk-based KV cache systems using file-per-object layouts suffer from severe scalability bottlenecks due to file system…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2025-11-26 Weiping Yu , Ye Jiarui , He Mengke , Junfeng Liu , Siqiang Luo

We present Keigo, a concurrency- and workload-aware storage middleware that enhances the performance of log-structured merge key-value stores (LSM KVS) when they are deployed on a hierarchy of storage devices. The key observation behind…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2025-06-18 Rúben Adão , Zhongjie Wu , Changjun Zhou , Oana Balmau , João Paulo , Ricardo Macedo

The log-structured merge tree (LSM-tree) gains wide popularity in building key-value (KV) stores. It employs logs to back up arriving KV pairs and maintains a few on-disk levels with exponentially increasing capacity limits, resembling a…

数据结构与算法 · 计算机科学 2021-09-29 Yanpeng Hu , Chundong Wang

Database Management Systems and K/V-Stores operate on updatable datasets -- massively exceeding the size of available main memory. Tree-based K/V storage management structures became particularly popular in storage engines. B+ Trees allow…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2022-09-21 Christian Riegger , Ilia Petrov

The Big Data trend is putting strain on modern storage systems, which have to support high-performance I/O accesses for the large quantities of data. With the prevalent Von Neumann computing architecture, this data is constantly moved back…

硬件体系结构 · 计算机科学 2021-12-02 Corne Lukken , Giulia Frascaria , Animesh Trivedi

The recent emergence of NVMe flash devices with Zoned Namespace support, ZNS SSDs, represents a significant new advancement in flash storage. ZNS SSDs introduce a new storage abstraction of append-only zones with a set of new I/O (i.e.,…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2023-10-31 Krijn Doekemeijer , Nick Tehrany , Balakrishnan Chandrasekaran , Matias Bjørling , Animesh Trivedi

Zoned Namespace SSDs (ZNS) are introduced recently to mitigate the block interface penalties of flash-based SSDs. It is a good opportunity for flash cache to address cache throughput and write amplification (WA) issues by fully controlling…

性能 · 计算机科学 2024-10-16 Chongzhuo Yang , Chang Guo , Ming Zhao , Zhichao Cao

Modern databases typically makes use of the Log Structured Merge-Tree for organizing data in indexes, which is a kind of disk-based data structure. It was proposed to efficiently handle frequent update queries (also called update intensive…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2024-02-28 Supriya Mishra

The cloud infrastructure motivates disaggregation of monolithic data stores into components that are assembled together based on an application's workload. This study investigates disaggregation of an LSM-tree key-value store into…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2021-05-04 Haoyu Huang , Shahram Ghandeharizadeh

The multi-level design of Log-Structured Merge-trees (LSM-trees) naturally fits the tiered storage architecture: the upper levels (recently inserted/updated records) are kept in fast storage to guarantee performance while the lower levels…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2024-12-20 Jiansheng Qiu , Fangzhou Yuan , Mingyu Gao , Huanchen Zhang

As storage systems become increasingly heterogeneous and complex, it adds burdens on DBAs, causing suboptimal performance even after a lot of human efforts have been made. In addition, existing monitoring-based storage management by access…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2012-07-03 Tian Luo , Rubao Lee , Michael Mesnier , Feng Chen , Xiaodong Zhang

We present LearnedKV, a novel tiered key-value store that seamlessly integrates a Log-Structured Merge (LSM) tree with a Learned Index to achieve superior read and write performance on storage systems. While existing approaches use learned…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2025-04-14 Wenlong Wang , David Hung-Chang Du

Zoned Namespace (ZNS) defines a new abstraction for host software to flexibly manage storage in flash-based SSDs as append-only zones. It also provides a Zone Append primitive to further boost the write performance of ZNS SSDs by exploiting…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2026-01-21 Jinhong Li , Yiyang Geng , Qiuping Wang , Shujie Han , Patrick P. C. Lee

In the last decade, key-value data storage systems have gained significantly more interest from academia and industry. These systems face numerous challenges concerning storage space- and read optimization. There exists a large potential…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2020-04-07 Martin Weise

Hybrid Solid-State Drives (SSDs), which integrate several types of flash cells (e.g., single-level cell (SLC) and multiple-level cell (MLC)) in a single drive and enable them to convert between each other, are designed to deliver both high…

硬件体系结构 · 计算机科学 2025-03-18 Qian Wei , Yi Li , Zehao Chen , Zhaoyan Shen , Dongxiao Yu , Bingzhe Li

Log-Structured Merge-tree-based Key-Value Store (LSM-KVS) is a foundational storage engine serving diverse modern workloads, systems, and applications. To suit varying use cases, LSM-KVS allows a vast configuration space that controls core…

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