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Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection plays a key role in enhancing the robustness of artificial intelligence systems by identifying inputs that differ significantly from the training distribution, thereby preventing unreliable predictions…

We consider the problem of detecting out-of-distribution images in neural networks. We propose ODIN, a simple and effective method that does not require any change to a pre-trained neural network. Our method is based on the observation that…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-09-01 Shiyu Liang , Yixuan Li , R. Srikant

Recent studies show that using potential out-of-distribution (OOD) labels from large corpora as auxiliary information can improve OOD detection in vision-language models (VLMs). However, these methods often fail when real-world OOD samples…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2026-04-28 Yanqi Wu , Xinhua Lu , Runhe Lai , Qichao Chen , Jia-Xin Zhuang , Wei-Shi Zheng , Ruixuan Wang

This paper introduces a novel approach to securing machine learning model deployments against potential distribution shifts in practical applications, the Total Variation Out-of-Distribution (TV-OOD) detection method. Existing methods have…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2026-01-23 Dabiao Ma , Zhiba Su , Jian Yang , Haojun Fei

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to identify OOD inputs from unknown classes, which is important for the reliable deployment of machine learning models in the open world. Various scoring functions are proposed to distinguish it from…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-10-29 Boxuan Zhang , Jianing Zhu , Zengmao Wang , Tongliang Liu , Bo Du , Bo Han

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection, aiming to distinguish outliers from known categories, has gained prominence in practical scenarios. Recently, the advent of vision-language models (VLM) has heightened interest in enhancing OOD detection…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-02-27 Fanhu Zeng , Zhen Cheng , Fei Zhu , Hongxin Wei , Xu-Yao Zhang

Deep neural networks suffer from the overconfidence issue in the open world, meaning that classifiers could yield confident, incorrect predictions for out-of-distribution (OOD) samples. Thus, it is an urgent and challenging task to detect…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-04-12 Qiuyu Zhu , Guohui Zheng , Yingying Yan

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical for the safe deployment of deep neural networks. State-of-the-art post-hoc methods typically derive OOD scores from the output logits or penultimate feature vector obtained via global average…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2026-04-24 Abid Hassan , Tuan Ngo , Saad Shafiq , Nenad Medvidovic

Many neural network-based out-of-distribution (OoD) detection methods have been proposed. However, they require many training data for each target task. We propose a simple yet effective meta-learning method to detect OoD with small…

机器学习 · 统计学 2022-06-22 Tomoharu Iwata , Atsutoshi Kumagai

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for the reliable deployment of machine learning models in real-world scenarios, enabling the identification of unknown samples or objects. A prominent approach to enhance OOD detection…

机器学习 · 统计学 2025-08-05 Heng Gao , Jun Li

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs during the inference stage is crucial for deploying neural networks in the real world. Previous methods commonly relied on the output of a network derived from the highly activated feature map. In…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2023-03-03 Yeonguk Yu , Sungho Shin , Seongju Lee , Changhyun Jun , Kyoobin Lee

Density-based Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has recently been shown unreliable for the task of detecting OOD images. Various density ratio based approaches achieve good empirical performance, however methods typically lack a…

机器学习 · 统计学 2022-06-09 Mingtian Zhang , Andi Zhang , Tim Z. Xiao , Yitong Sun , Steven McDonagh

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for reliable and trustworthy machine learning. Recent multi-modal OOD detection leverages textual information from in-distribution (ID) class names for visual OOD detection, yet it currently…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-10-13 Yi Dai , Hao Lang , Kaisheng Zeng , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li

Deep generative models offer a natural foundation for out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, yet prior work has shown that their assigned likelihoods are notoriously unreliable indicators for in- vs out-of-distribution data. In this paper, we…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-22 Philipp Bomatter , Jack Geary , Henry Gouk

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical to ensure the safe deployment of deep learning models in critical applications. Deep learning models can often misidentify OOD samples as in-distribution (ID) samples. This vulnerability…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-11-14 Sudarshan Regmi

Likelihood-based deep generative models such as score-based diffusion models and variational autoencoders are state-of-the-art machine learning models approximating high-dimensional distributions of data such as images, text, or audio. One…

机器学习 · 统计学 2024-05-28 Sam Dauncey , Chris Holmes , Christopher Williams , Fabian Falck

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection in computer vision is a crucial research area, with related benchmarks playing a vital role in assessing the generalizability of models and their applicability in real-world scenarios. However, existing…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-05-23 Alberto Bacchin , Davide Allegro , Stefano Ghidoni , Emanuele Menegatti

It is an important problem in trustworthy machine learning to recognize out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs which are inputs unrelated to the in-distribution task. Many out-of-distribution detection methods have been suggested in recent years.…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-06-22 Julian Bitterwolf , Alexander Meinke , Maximilian Augustin , Matthias Hein

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection and segmentation are crucial for deploying machine learning models in safety-critical applications such as autonomous driving and robot-assisted surgery. While prior research has primarily focused on…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2026-03-05 Moru Liu , Hao Dong , Jessica Kelly , Olga Fink , Mario Trapp

A neural network trained on a classification dataset often exhibits a higher vector norm of hidden layer features for in-distribution (ID) samples, while producing relatively lower norm values on unseen instances from out-of-distribution…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2023-10-10 Jaewoo Park , Jacky Chen Long Chai , Jaeho Yoon , Andrew Beng Jin Teoh