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User posts whose perceived toxicity depends on the conversational context are rare in current toxicity detection datasets. Hence, toxicity detectors trained on existing datasets will also tend to disregard context, making the detection of…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2021-11-22 Alexandros Xenos , John Pavlopoulos , Ion Androutsopoulos , Lucas Dixon , Jeffrey Sorensen , Leo Laugier

Incorporating every annotator's perspective is crucial for unbiased data modeling. Annotator fatigue and changing opinions over time can distort dataset annotations. To combat this, we propose to learn a more accurate representation of…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-06-05 Uthman Jinadu , Yi Ding

As generative AI models such as large language models (LLMs) become more pervasive, ensuring the safety, robustness, and overall trustworthiness of these systems is paramount. However, AI is currently facing a reproducibility crisis driven…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-14 Deepak Pandita , Flip Korn , Chris Welty , Christopher M. Homan

Annotated data plays a critical role in Natural Language Processing (NLP) in training models and evaluating their performance. Given recent developments in Large Language Models (LLMs), models such as ChatGPT demonstrate zero-shot…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-03-18 Minzhi Li , Taiwei Shi , Caleb Ziems , Min-Yen Kan , Nancy F. Chen , Zhengyuan Liu , Diyi Yang

Automatic toxic language detection is critical for creating safe, inclusive online spaces. However, it is a highly subjective task, with perceptions of toxic language shaped by community norms and lived experience. Existing toxicity…

The proliferation of textual data containing sensitive personal information across various domains requires robust anonymization techniques to protect privacy and comply with regulations, while preserving data usability for diverse and…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-12-17 Tobias Deußer , Lorenz Sparrenberg , Armin Berger , Max Hahnbück , Christian Bauckhage , Rafet Sifa

The rapid adoption of LLMs in both research and industry highlights the challenges of deploying them safely and reveals a gap in the systematic evaluation of toxicity benchmarks. As organizations increasingly rely on these benchmarks to…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-05-12 Regina Gugg , Selina Niederländer , Andreas Stöckl , Martin Flechl

Pretrained neural language models (LMs) are prone to generating racist, sexist, or otherwise toxic language which hinders their safe deployment. We investigate the extent to which pretrained LMs can be prompted to generate toxic language,…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2020-09-29 Samuel Gehman , Suchin Gururangan , Maarten Sap , Yejin Choi , Noah A. Smith

Well-annotated datasets, as shown in recent top studies, are becoming more important for researchers than ever before in supervised machine learning (ML). However, the dataset annotation process and its related human labor costs remain…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2021-08-24 Haozhan Sun , Chenchen Xu , Hanna Suominen

The capabilities of large language models have grown significantly in recent years and so too have concerns about their misuse. It is important to be able to distinguish machine-generated text from human-authored content. Prior works have…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-10-15 Julien Piet , Chawin Sitawarin , Vivian Fang , Norman Mu , David Wagner

It is common practice in text classification to only use one majority label for model training even if a dataset has been annotated by multiple annotators. Doing so can remove valuable nuances and diverse perspectives inherent in the…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-09-27 Jin Xu , Mariët Theune , Daniel Braun

The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning. The perspective of Semantic Web is to promote the quality and intelligence of the current web by changing its contents into machine…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2012-08-06 Hamed Hassanzadeh , MohammadReza Keyvanpour

Annotating abusive language is expensive, logistically complex and creates a risk of psychological harm. However, most machine learning research has prioritized maximizing effectiveness (i.e., F1 or accuracy score) rather than data…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2022-09-22 Hannah Rose Kirk , Bertie Vidgen , Scott A. Hale

To mitigate the potential harms of Large Language Models (LLMs)generated text, researchers have proposed watermarking, a process of embedding detectable signals within text. With watermarking, we can always accurately detect LLM-generated…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-11-19 William Guo , Adaku Uchendu , Ana Smith

Classifiers commonly make use of pre-annotated datasets, wherein a model is evaluated by pre-defined metrics on a held-out test set typically made of human-annotated labels. Metrics used in these evaluations are tied to the availability of…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2021-06-15 Yifan Ding , Nicholas Botzer , Tim Weninger

With the exponential rise in user-generated web content on social media, the proliferation of abusive languages towards an individual or a group across the different sections of the internet is also rapidly increasing. It is very…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2021-03-24 Prashant Kapil , Asif Ekbal

Large language models (LLMs) are known to exhibit demographic biases, yet few studies systematically evaluate these biases across multiple datasets or account for confounding factors. In this work, we examine LLM alignment with human…

计算机与社会 · 计算机科学 2024-11-25 Shayan Alipour , Indira Sen , Mattia Samory , Tanushree Mitra

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automated annotators to scale dataset creation, yet their reliability as unbiased annotators--especially for low-resource and identity-sensitive settings--remains poorly understood. In…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-03-03 Md. Najib Hasan , Touseef Hasan , Souvika Sarkar

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly sophisticated and ubiquitous in natural language processing (NLP) applications, ensuring their robustness, trustworthiness, and alignment with human values has become a critical challenge.…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-08-09 Wrick Talukdar , Anjanava Biswas

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential for data annotation, markedly reducing the labor costs associated with downstream applications. However, existing methods mostly adopt an aggressive strategy by…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-06-05 Mingxuan Xia , Haobo Wang , Yixuan Li , Zewei Yu , Jindong Wang , Junbo Zhao , Runze Wu