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We investigate the formation of terrestrial planets in the late stage of planetary formation using two-planet model. At that time, the protostar has formed for about 3 Myr and the gas disk has dissipated. In the model, the perturbations…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2010-04-09 Ji Jianghui , Zhang Niu

This work describes new dynamical simulations of terrestrial planet formation. The simulations started at the protoplanetary disk stage, when planetesimals formed and accreted into protoplanets, and continued past the late stage of giant…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2025-07-22 David Nesvorny , Alessandro Morbidelli , William F. Bottke , Rogerio Deienno , Max Goldberg

We present radiation hydrodynamic simulations in which binary planets form by close encounters in a system of several super-Earth embryos. The embryos are embedded in a protoplanetary disk consisting of gas and pebbles and evolve in a…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2018-12-12 Ondřej Chrenko , Miroslav Brož , David Nesvorný

It is widely held that the first step in forming the gas giant planets, such as Jupiter and Saturn, is to form solid `cores' of roughly 10 M$_\oplus$. Getting the cores to form before the solar nebula dissipates ($\sim\!1-10\,$Myr) has been…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2015-10-09 Harold F. Levison , Katherine A. Kretke , Martin J. Duncan

To date, two planetary systems have been discovered with close-in, terrestrial-mass planets (< 5-10 Earth masses). Many more such discoveries are anticipated in the coming years with radial velocity and transit searches. Here we investigate…

天体物理学 · 物理学 2009-11-13 Sean N. Raymond , Rory Barnes , Avi M. Mandell

Planetesimal formation likely lasted for millions of years in the solar nebula, and the cold classicals in the Kuiper Belt are suggested to be the direct products of streaming instability. The presence of minor planetary bodies in the outer…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2025-11-18 Tommy Chi Ho Lau , Til Birnstiel , Sebastian Markus Stammler , Joanna Drążkowska

Terrestrial planets form in a series of dynamical steps from the solid component of circumstellar disks. First, km-sized planetesimals form likely via a combination of sticky collisions, turbulent concentration of solids, and gravitational…

天体物理学 · 物理学 2009-11-13 Sean N. Raymond

We review the problem of the formation of terrestrial planets, with particular emphasis on the interaction of dynamical and geochemical models. The lifetime of gas around stars in the process of formation is limited to a few million years…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2009-06-25 Jonathan I. Lunine , David P. O'Brien , Sean N. Raymond , Alessandro Morbidelli , Thomas Quinn , Amara Graps

Remnant planetesimals might have played an important role in reducing the orbital eccentricities of the terrestrial planets after their formation via giant impacts. However, the population and the size distribution of remnant planetesimals…

天体物理学 · 物理学 2009-11-13 Ryuji Morishima , Max W. Schmidt , Joachim Stadel , Ben Moore

Protoplanetary disks naturally emerge during protostellar core-collapse. In their early evolutionary stages, infalling material dominates their dynamical evolution. In the context of planet formation, this means that the conditions in young…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2025-04-23 L. -A. Hühn , C. P. Dullemond , U. Lebreuilly , R. S. Klessen , A. Maury , G. P. Rosotti , P. Hennebelle , E. Pacetti , L. Testi , S. Molinari

We hypothesise that planets are made by tidal downsizing of migrating giant planet embryos. The proposed scheme for planet formation consists of these steps: (i) a massive young protoplanetary disc fragments at R ~ several tens to hundreds…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2015-05-19 Sergei Nayakshin

Planet formation encompasses processes that span a remarkable 40 magnitudes in mass, ranging from collisions between micron-sized grains inherited from the ISM to the accretion of gas by giant planets. The planet formation process takes…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2024-12-18 Chris Ormel

The formation of planetesimals is expected to occur via particle-gas instabilities that concentrate dust into self-gravitating clumps. Triggering these instabilities requires the prior pileup of dust in the protoplanetary disk. Until now,…

The dynamical architecture and compositional diversity of the asteroid belt strongly constrain planet formation models. Recent Solar System formation models have shown that the asteroid belt may have been born empty and later filled with…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2024-04-18 Andre Izidoro , Rogerio Deienno , Sean N. Raymond , Matthew S. Clement

The evolution of gravitationally unstable protoplanetary gaseous disks has been studied with the use of three-dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations with unprecedented resolution. We have considered disks with initial…

天体物理学 · 物理学 2008-11-26 Lucio Mayer , Thomas Quinn , James Wadsley , Joachim Stadel

Observations of C-type NEAs and lab investigations of carbonaceous chondritic (CC) meteorites provide strong evidence for a high porosity of C-type asteroids. Boulder microporosity values derived from in-situ measurements at the surface of…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2023-02-10 Wladimir Neumann , Matthias Grott , Mario Trieloff , Ralf Jaumann , Jens Biele , Maximilian Hamm , Ekkehard Kührt

Prevailing $N$-body planet formation models typically start with lunar-mass embryos and show a general trend of rapid migration of massive planetary cores to the inner Solar System in the absence of a migration trap. This setup cannot…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2024-03-27 Tommy Chi Ho Lau , Man Hoi Lee , Ramon Brasser , Soko Matsumura

Although petrologic, chemical and isotopic studies of ordinary chondrites and meteorites in general have largely helped establish a chronology of the earliest events of planetesimal formation and their evolution, there are several questions…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2015-06-19 P. Vernazza , B. Zanda , R. P. Binzel , T. Hiroi , F. E. DeMeo , M. Birlan , R. Hewins , L. Ricci , P. Barge , M. Lockhart

Close-in giant planets are thought to have formed in the cold outer regions of planetary systems and migrated inward, passing through the orbital parameter space occupied by the terrestrial planets in our own Solar System. We present…

天体物理学 · 物理学 2011-02-11 Avi M. Mandell , Sean N. Raymond , Steinn Sigurdsson

The interest in the structure of ice-rich planetary bodies, in particular the differentiation between ice and rock, has grown due to the discovery of Kuiper belt objects and exoplanets. We thus carry out a parameter study for a range of…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2022-03-30 Stephan Loveless , Dina Prialnik , Morris Podolak