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T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) is a popular and prize-winning approach for dimensionality reduction and visualizing high-dimensional data. However, tSNE is non-parametric: once visualization is built, tSNE is not…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2017-08-17 Andrey Boytsov , Francois Fouquet , Thomas Hartmann , Yves LeTraon

Non-linear dimensionality reduction can be performed by \textit{manifold learning} approaches, such as Stochastic Neighbour Embedding (SNE), Locally Linear Embedding (LLE) and Isometric Feature Mapping (ISOMAP). These methods aim to produce…

机器学习 · 统计学 2021-12-09 Theodoulos Rodosthenous , Vahid Shahrezaei , Marina Evangelou

Neighbour embeddings (NE) allow the representation of high dimensional datasets into lower dimensional spaces and are often used in data visualisation. In practice, accelerated approximations are employed to handle very large datasets.…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-09-10 Pierre Lambert , Edouard Couplet , Michel Verleysen , John Aldo Lee

t-distributed Stochastic Neighborhood Embedding (t-SNE) is a method for dimensionality reduction and visualization that has become widely popular in recent years. Efficient implementations of t-SNE are available, but they scale poorly to…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2019-02-26 George C. Linderman , Manas Rachh , Jeremy G. Hoskins , Stefan Steinerberger , Yuval Kluger

Multidimensional scaling is a statistical process that aims to embed high dimensional data into a lower-dimensional space; this process is often used for the purpose of data visualisation. Common multidimensional scaling algorithms tend to…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-02-25 Pierre Lambert , Cyril de Bodt , Michel Verleysen , John Lee

t-SNE is a popular tool for embedding multi-dimensional datasets into two or three dimensions. However, it has a large computational cost, especially when the input data has many dimensions. Many use t-SNE to embed the output of a neural…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2019-12-04 Rikhav Shah , Sandeep Silwal

We introduce "TriMap"; a dimensionality reduction technique based on triplet constraints, which preserves the global structure of the data better than the other commonly used methods such as t-SNE, LargeVis, and UMAP. To quantify the global…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-03-29 Ehsan Amid , Manfred K. Warmuth

We introduce an improved unsupervised clustering protocol specially suited for large-scale structured data. The protocol follows three steps: a dimensionality reduction of the data, a density estimation over the low dimensional…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2019-11-05 Joan Garriga , Frederic Bartumeus

Nonlinear dimension reduction (NLDR) techniques such as tSNE, and UMAP provide a low-dimensional representation of high-dimensional data ($p\text{-}D$) by applying a nonlinear transformation. NLDR often exaggerates random patterns. But NLDR…

统计方法学 · 统计学 2025-12-01 Jayani P. Gamage , Dianne Cook , Paul Harrison , Michael Lydeamore , Thiyanga S. Talagala

Dimensionality reduction techniques are widely used for visualizing high-dimensional data in two dimensions. Existing methods are typically designed to preserve either local (e.g., $t$-SNE, UMAP) or global (e.g., MDS, PCA) structure of the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-02-02 Noël Kury , Dmitry Kobak , Sebastian Damrich

We introduce a nonlinear method for directly embedding large, sparse, stochastic graphs into low-dimensional spaces, without requiring vertex features to reside in, or be transformed into, a metric space. Graph data and models are prevalent…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2019-06-14 Nikos Pitsianis , Alexandros-Stavros Iliopoulos , Dimitris Floros , Xiaobai Sun

Dimensionality reduction methods such as t-SNE are designed to preserve local neighborhood structure but do not explicitly account for how probability mass is distributed, often leading to distortions of data density. We reformulate…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-05 Maksim Kazanskii

The task of dimensionality reduction and visualization of high-dimensional datasets remains a challenging problem since long. Modern high-throughput technologies produce newer high-dimensional datasets having multiple views with relatively…

人机交互 · 计算机科学 2023-04-05 Chayan Maitra , Dibyendu B. Seal , Rajat K. De

The clustering and visualisation of high-dimensional data is a ubiquitous task in modern data science. Popular techniques include nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods like t-SNE or UMAP. These methods face the `scale-problem' of…

机器学习 · 统计学 2025-10-20 Jack Kendrick

Modern methods for data visualization via dimensionality reduction, such as t-SNE, usually have performance issues that prohibit their application to large amounts of high-dimensional data. In this work, we propose NCVis -- a…

机器学习 · 统计学 2020-01-31 Aleksandr Artemenkov , Maxim Panov

Dimensionality reduction methods, also known as projections, are frequently used for exploring multidimensional data in machine learning, data science, and information visualization. Among these, t-SNE and its variants have become very…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2019-02-22 Mateus Espadoto , Nina S. T. Hirata , Alexandru C. Telea

This paper presents a kernelized version of the t-SNE algorithm, capable of mapping high-dimensional data to a low-dimensional space while preserving the pairwise distances between the data points in a non-Euclidean metric. This can be…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-11-22 Denis C. Ilie-Ablachim , Bogdan Dumitrescu , Cristian Rusu

Visualizing high-dimensional data has been a focus in data analysis communities for decades, which has led to the design of many algorithms, some of which are now considered references (such as t-SNE for example). In our era of overwhelming…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2017-02-21 Johan Paratte , Nathanaël Perraudin , Pierre Vandergheynst

In this paper, we present Hi-D maps, a novel method for the visualization of multi-dimensional categorical data. Our work addresses the scarcity of techniques for visualizing a large number of data-dimensions in an effective and…

图形学 · 计算机科学 2025-07-11 Radi Muhammad Reza , Benjamin A Watson

The paper presents an O(N log N)-implementation of t-SNE -- an embedding technique that is commonly used for the visualization of high-dimensional data in scatter plots and that normally runs in O(N^2). The new implementation uses…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2013-03-11 Laurens van der Maaten