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High penetration of wind power with conventional grid following controls for inverter-based wind turbine generators (WTGs) weakens the power grid, challenging the power system stability. Grid-forming (GFM) controls are emerging technologies…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2022-08-02 Thai-Thanh Nguyen , Tuyen Vu , Sumit Paudyal , Frede Blaabjerg , Thanh Long Vu

This paper investigates the design and analysis of a novel grid-forming (GFM) control method for grid-connected converters (GCCs). The core novelty lies in a virtual flux observer-based synchronization and load angle control method. The…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2026-01-26 Xueqing Gao , Jun Zhang , Tao Li , Mingming Zhang

Power electronic converters are fundamental building blocks of both AC and DC microgrids, enabling the integration of renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, electronic loads, and electric vehicles. In contrast, converter control…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2026-04-30 Jovan Krajacic , Ognjen Stanojev , Mario Schweizer , Orcun Karaca , Gabriela Hug , Vladan Lazarević

Grid-forming (GFM) converter is deemed as one enabler for high penetration of renewable energy resources in power system. However, as will be pointed out in this letter, the conventional power-to-frequency (P-f) GFM control will face a…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2024-12-10 Chu Sun

We consider the problem of grid-forming control of power converters in low-inertia power systems. Starting from an average-switch three-phase inverter model, we draw parallels to a synchronous machine (SM) model and propose a novel…

最优化与控制 · 数学 2018-04-27 Catalin Arghir , Taouba Jouini , Florian Dorfler

This paper focuses on the challenging task of bottom-up restoration in a complete blackout system using Grid-forming (GFM) converters. Challenges arise due to the limited current capability of power converters, resulting in distinct dynamic…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2024-05-27 Zexian Zeng , Prajwal Bhagwat , Maryam Saeedifard , Dominic Groß

Stability of power grids with synchronous generators (SGs) and renewable generation interfaced with grid-forming converters (GFCs) under dc-side current limitation is studied. To that end, we first consider a simple 2-bus test system and…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2022-01-03 Sayan Samanta , Nilanjan Ray Chaudhuri

DC microgrids are converter-based electrical networks that are increasingly being used in various applications, including data centers and industrial distribution systems. A central challenge in their operation is maintaining the DC-bus…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2026-04-30 Jovan Krajacic , Ognjen Stanojev , Mario Schweizer , Orcun Karaca , Gabriela Hug , Vladan Lazarević

Integrating grid-forming converters (GFMCs) into grid-following converter (GFLC)-dominated power systems enhances the grid strength, but GFMCs' current-limiting characteristic triggers dynamic switching between constant voltage control…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2026-04-22 Bingfang Li , Songhao Yang , Pu Cheng , Zhiguo Hao

In this work, we investigate grid-forming control for power systems containing three-phase and single-phase converters connected to unbalanced distribution and transmission networks, investigate self-balancing between single-phase…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2022-11-15 Shahin S. Nudehi , Dominic Groß

Hybrid microgrids integrating Grid-Following (GFL) and Grid-Forming (GFM) inverters present complex control challenges arising from the decoupling between long-term economic dispatch and real-time dynamic regulation, as well as the distinct…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2026-01-21 Lifu Ding , Chunhui Hou , Yutong Li , Qinmin Yang

To address the frequency stability challenges posed by the rising penetration of power electronics in power systems, HVDC-connected offshore wind power plants (OWPPs) are increasingly expected to provide inertial response and frequency…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2026-05-25 Zhenghua XU , Dominic Groß , George Alin Raducu , Behnam Nouri , Oscar Saborío-Romano , Nicolaos A. Cutululis

HVDC-connected offshore wind power plants (OWPPs) are expected to provide inertial response and frequency containment reserve (FCR) to help address the frequency control challenges caused by the growing penetration of power electronics in…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2025-10-21 Zhenghua Xu , Dominic Gross , George Alin Raducu , Hesam Khazraj , Nicolaos A. Cutululis

To ensure the proper functioning of the current and future electrical grid, it is necessary for Transmission System Operators (TSOs) to verify that energy providers comply with the grid code and specifications provided by TSOs. A lot of…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2024-01-23 Rabah Ouali , Jean-Yves Dieulot , Pascal Yim , Xavier Guillaud , Frédéric Colas , Yang Wu , Heng Wu

Power electronic converters for integrating renewable energy resources into power systems can be divided into grid-forming and grid-following inverters. They possess certain similarities, but several important differences, which means that…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2022-01-28 Yitong Li , Yunjie Gu , Timothy C. Green

In this work we present a novel dual-port grid-forming control strategy, for permanent magnet synchronous generator wind turbines with back-to-back voltage source converters, that unifies the entire range of functions from maximum power…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2022-07-21 Xue Lyu , Irina Subotić , Dominic Groß

The converter control functions to provide the capabilities similar to synchronous generators are referred to as grid forming converters (GFC). Identical to a synchronous machine, a grid forming converter is expected to behave as a voltage…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2021-06-21 Kanakesh Vatta Kkuni , Sibin Mohan , Guangya Yang , Wilsun Xu

We present a novel, integrated control framework designed to achieve seamless transitions among a spectrum of inverter operation modes. The operation spectrum includes grid-forming (GFM), grid-following (GFL), static synchronous compensator…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2024-10-14 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka

This work develops a constraint-aware grid-forming (GFM) control that explicitly accounts for current limits and modulation limits within the GFM oscillator dynamics generating the GFM voltage reference (i.e., phase angle and magnitude).…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2025-12-02 Dominic Groß

This paper introduces a new grid-forming control for power converters, termed hybrid angle control (HAC) that ensures the almost global closed-loop stability. HAC combines the recently proposed matching control with a novel nonlinear angle…

最优化与控制 · 数学 2020-08-19 Ali Tayyebi , Adolfo Anta , Florian Dörfler