相关论文: DREAM: a fluid-kinetic framework for tokamak disru…
The safe operation of tokamak reactors requires a reliable modeling capability of disruptions, and in particular the spatio-temporal dynamics of associated runaway electron currents. In a disruption, instabilities can break up magnetic…
Accurate modeling of runaway electron generation and losses during tokamak disruptions is crucial for the development of reactor-scale tokamak devices. In this paper we present a reduced model for runaway electron losses due to flux surface…
Runaway electrons (REs) generated during disruption events in tokamaks can carry mega-Ampere level currents, potentially causing damage to plasma-facing components. Understanding RE evolution during disruption events is important for…
For the simulation of disruptions in tokamak fusion plasmas, a fluid model describing the evolution of relativistic runaway electrons and their interaction with the background plasma is presented. The overall aim of the model is to…
$\textit{Tokamak disruptions}$ can give rise to the $\textit{runaway phenomenon}$, which is typical in plasma physics and describes the almost unbound acceleration of electrons to relativistic velocities and can lead to the formation of a…
A new physical mechanism of formation of runaway electron (RE) beams during plasma disruptions in tokamaks is proposed. The plasma disruption is caused by a strong stochastic magnetic field formed due to nonlinearly excited low-mode number…
When simulating runaway electron dynamics in tokamak disruptions, fluid models with lower numerical cost are often preferred to more accurate kinetic models. The aim of this work is to compare fluid and kinetic simulations of a large…
This Roadmap article addresses the critical and multifaceted challenge of plasma-facing component (PFC) damage caused by runaway electrons (REs) in tokamaks, a phenomenon that poses a significant threat to the viability and longevity of…
The potential formation of multi-mega-ampere beams of relativistic "runaway" electrons (REs) during sudden terminations of tokamak plasmas poses a significant challenge to the tokamak's development as a fusion energy source. Here, we use…
Runaway electrons (RE) generated during magnetic disruptions present a major threat to the safe operation of plasma nuclear fusion reactors. A critical aspect of understanding RE dynamics is to calculate the runaway probability, i.e., the…
The integrity of plasma-facing components (PFCs) in tokamaks is critically challenged by transient events such as runaway electron (RE) impacts. We report the first systematic analysis of the thermal damage to tungsten-based PFC tiles…
During disruptions in fusion-grade tokamaks like ITER, large electric fields are induced following the thermal quench (TQ) period which can generate a substantial amount of Runaway Electrons (REs) that can carry up to 10 MA current with…
Understanding generation and mitigation of runaway electrons in disruptions is important for the safe operation of future tokamaks. In this paper we investigate runaway dynamics in reactor-scale spherical tokamaks. We study both the…
Runaways are suprathermal electrons having sufficiently high energy to be continuously accelerated up to tens of MeV by a driving electric field [1]. Highly energetic runaway electron (RE) beams capable of damaging the tokamak first wall…
Based on the analysis of data from the numerous dedicated experiments on plasma disruptions in the TEXTOR tokamak the mechanisms of the formation of runaway electron beams and their losses are proposed. The plasma disruption is caused by…
Runaway electrons (REs) can be generated in tokamak plasmas if the accelerating force from the toroidal electric field exceeds the collisional drag force due to Coulomb collisions with the background plasma. In ITER, disruptions are…
Tokamak start-up is characterized by low electron densities and strong electric fields, in order to quickly raise the plasma current and temperature, allowing the plasma to fully ionize and magnetic flux surfaces to form. Such conditions…
Relativistic runaway electrons are a major concern in tokamaks. The European framework for Integrated Modelling (EU-IM), facilitates the integration of different plasma simulation tools by providing a standard data structure for…
A new fluid model for runaway electron simulation based on fluid description is introduced and implemented in the magnetohydrodynamics code M3D-C1, which includes self-consistent interactions between plasma and runaway electrons. The model…
The disruption and runaway electron analysis model code was extended to include tungsten impurities in disruption simulations with the aim of studying the runaway electron (RE) generation. This study investigates RE current sensitivity on…