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Heavy-ion collisions, such as Pb-Pb or p-Pb, produce extreme conditions in temperature and density that make the hadronic matter transition to a new state, called quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Simulations of heavy-ion collisions provide a way…

[Background] Experimental data from heavy-ion experiments at RHIC-BNL and LHC-CERN are quantitatively described using relativistic fluid dynamics. Even p+A and p+p collisions show signs of collective behavior describable in the same manner.…

核理论 · 物理学 2018-08-29 K. Gallmeister , H. Niemi , C. Greiner , D. H. Rischke

A transport model is developed to describe hadron emission from a strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma formed in relativistic heavy ion collisions. The quark-gluon plasma is controlled by ideal hydrodynamics, and the hadron motion is…

核理论 · 物理学 2008-11-26 Hong Miao , Chongshou Gao , Pengfei Zhuang

We study the collision energy dependence of elliptic flow v_2 and triangular flow v_3 in Au+Au collisions within the energy range sqrt(s_{NN}) = 5-200 GeV, utilizing a transport + hydrodynamics hybrid model. The transport part is described…

核理论 · 物理学 2014-04-11 Jussi Auvinen , Hannah Petersen

The deconfined quark-gluon plasma (QGP) created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions enables the exploration of the fundamental properties of matter under extreme conditions. Non-central collisions can produce strong magnetic fields on the…

核实验 · 物理学 2024-02-26 STAR Collaboration , M. I. Abdulhamid , B. E. Aboona , J. Adam , J. R. Adams , G. Agakishiev , I. Aggarwal , M. M. Aggarwal , Z. Ahammed , A. Aitbaev , I. Alekseev , E. Alpatov , A. Aparin , S. Aslam , J. Atchison , G. S. Averichev , V. Bairathi , J. G. Ball Cap , K. Barish , P. Bhagat , A. Bhasin , S. Bhatta , S. R. Bhosale , I. G. Bordyuzhin , J. D. Brandenburg , A. V. Brandin , X. Z. Cai , H. Caines , M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez , D. Cebra , J. Ceska , I. Chakaberia , B. K. Chan , Z. Chang , A. Chatterjee , D. Chen , J. Chen , J. H. Chen , Z. Chen , J. Cheng , Y. Cheng , S. Choudhury , W. Christie , X. Chu , H. J. Crawford , G. Dale-Gau , A. Das , A. P. Dash , M. Daugherity , T. G. Dedovich , I. M. Deppner , A. A. Derevschikov , A. Dhamija , P. Dixit , X. Dong , J. L. Drachenberg , E. Duckworth , J. C. Dunlop , J. Engelage , G. Eppley , S. Esumi , O. Evdokimov , O. Eyser , R. Fatemi , S. Fazio , C. J. Feng , Y. Feng , E. Finch , Y. Fisyak , F. A. Flor , C. Fu , T. Gao , F. Geurts , N. Ghimire , A. Gibson , K. Gopal , X. Gou , D. Grosnick , A. Gupta , A. Hamed , Y. Han , M. D. Harasty , J. W. Harris , H. Harrison-Smith , W. He , X. H. He , Y. He , C. Hu , Q. Hu , Y. Hu , H. Huang , H. Z. Huang , S. L. Huang , T. Huang , X. Huang , Y. Huang , Y. Huang , T. J. Humanic , D. Isenhower , M. Isshiki , W. W. Jacobs , A. Jalotra , C. Jena , Y. Ji , J. Jia , C. Jin , X. Ju , E. G. Judd , S. Kabana , D. Kalinkin , K. Kang , D. Kapukchyan , K. Kauder , D. Keane , A. Kechechyan , A. Kiselev , A. G. Knospe , H. S. Ko , L. Kochenda , A. A. Korobitsin , A. Yu. Kraeva , P. Kravtsov , L. Kumar , M. C. Labonte , R. Lacey , J. M. Landgraf , A. Lebedev , R. Lednicky , J. H. Lee , Y. H. Leung , N. Lewis , C. Li , H-S. Li , W. Li , X. Li , Y. Li , Y. Li , Z. Li , X. Liang , Y. Liang , T. Lin , Y. Lin , C. Liu , F. Liu , G. Liu , H. Liu , L. Liu , T. Liu , X. Liu , Y. Liu , Z. Liu , T. Ljubicic , O. Lomicky , R. S. Longacre , E. M. Loyd , T. Lu , N. S. Lukow , X. F. Luo , V. B. Luong , L. Ma , R. Ma , Y. G. Ma , N. Magdy , D. Mallick , S. Margetis , H. S. Matis , G. McNamara , K. Mi , N. G. Minaev , B. Mohanty , M. M. Mondal , I. Mooney , D. A. Morozov , A. Mudrokh , M. I. Nagy , A. S. Nain , J. D. Nam , M. Nasim , E. Nedorezov , D. Neff , J. M. Nelson , D. B. Nemes , M. Nie , G. Nigmatkulov , T. Niida , L. V. Nogach , T. Nonaka , G. Odyniec , A. Ogawa , S. Oh , V. A. Okorokov , K. Okubo , B. S. Page , R. Pak , A. Pandav , Y. Panebratsev , T. Pani , P. Parfenov , A. Paul , C. Perkins , B. R. Pokhrel , M. Posik , A. Povarov , T. Protzman , N. K. Pruthi , J. Putschke , Z. Qin , H. Qiu , A. Quintero , C. Racz , S. K. Radhakrishnan , A. Rana , R. L. Ray , H. G. Ritter , C. W. Robertson , O. V. Rogachevsky , M. A. Rosales Aguilar , D. Roy , L. Ruan , A. K. Sahoo , N. R. Sahoo , H. Sako , S. Salur , E. Samigullin , S. Sato , B. C. Schaefer , W. B. Schmidke , N. Schmitz , J. Seger , R. Seto , P. Seyboth , N. Shah , E. Shahaliev , P. V. Shanmuganathan , T. Shao , M. Sharma , N. Sharma , R. Sharma , S. R. Sharma , A. I. Sheikh , D. Shen , D. Y. Shen , K. Shen , S. S. Shi , Y. Shi , Q. Y. Shou , F. Si , J. Singh , S. Singha , P. Sinha , M. J. Skoby , Y. Söhngen , Y. Song , B. Srivastava , T. D. S. Stanislaus , D. J. Stewart , M. Strikhanov , B. Stringfellow , Y. Su , C. Sun , X. Sun , Y. Sun , Y. Sun , B. Surrow , D. N. Svirida , Z. W. Sweger , A. C. Tamis , A. H. Tang , Z. Tang , A. Taranenko , T. Tarnowsky , J. H. Thomas , D. Tlusty , T. Todoroki , M. V. Tokarev , S. Trentalange , P. Tribedy , S. K. Tripathy , O. D. Tsai , C. Y. Tsang , Z. Tu , J. Tyler , T. Ullrich , D. G. Underwood , I. Upsal , G. Van Buren , A. N. Vasiliev , V. Verkest , F. Videbæk , S. Vokal , S. A. Voloshin , F. Wang , G. Wang , J. S. Wang , J. Wang , X. Wang , Y. Wang , Y. Wang , Y. Wang , Z. Wang , J. C. Webb , P. C. Weidenkaff , G. D. Westfall , H. Wieman , G. Wilks , S. W. Wissink , J. Wu , J. Wu , X. Wu , X. Wu , B. Xi , Z. G. Xiao , G. Xie , W. Xie , H. Xu , N. Xu , Q. H. Xu , Y. Xu , Y. Xu , Z. Xu , Z. Xu , G. Yan , Z. Yan , C. Yang , Q. Yang , S. Yang , Y. Yang , Z. Ye , Z. Ye , L. Yi , K. Yip , Y. Yu , W. Zha , C. Zhang , D. Zhang , J. Zhang , S. Zhang , W. Zhang , X. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Z. J. Zhang , Z. Zhang , Z. Zhang , F. Zhao , J. Zhao , M. Zhao , C. Zhou , J. Zhou , S. Zhou , Y. Zhou , X. Zhu , M. Zurek , M. Zyzak

The matter created in relativistic heavy ion collisions is fairly well described by ideal hydrodynamics, and somewhat better described by viscous hydrodynamics. To this point, most viscous calculations have been two-dimensional, based on an…

核理论 · 物理学 2015-06-04 Joshua Vredevoogd , Scott Pratt

We present a simple way to construct 3D initial conditions for relativistic heavy-ion collisions based on the Glauber collision geometry. Local energy and momentum conservation conditions are imposed to set non-trivial constraints on our…

核理论 · 物理学 2020-07-22 Chun Shen , Sahr Alzhrani

We study multi-particle azimuthal correlations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at a center of mass energy of 200 GeV. We use the IP-Glasma model to initialize the viscous hydrodynamic simulation MUSIC and employ the UrQMD transport…

核理论 · 物理学 2019-04-17 Bjoern Schenke , Chun Shen , Prithwish Tribedy

Relativistic hydrodynamics simulations of quark-gluon plasma play a pivotal role in our understanding of heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC. They are based on a phenomenological description due to Mueller, Israel, Stewart (MIS) and…

高能物理 - 理论 · 物理学 2016-08-08 Michal P. Heller , Romuald A. Janik , Michal Spalinski , Przemyslaw Witaszczyk

Anisotropic flow phenomena is a key probe of the existence of Quark-Gluon Plasma. Several new observable associated with correlations between anisotropic flow harmonics are developed, which are expected to be sensitive to the initial…

核实验 · 物理学 2016-07-20 You Zhou

Flow develops in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions via re-interactions among partons or/and hadrons. Characterizing flow is a crucial step towards understanding the formation of partonic matter. We review new measurements on…

核实验 · 物理学 2009-11-10 Fabrice Retiere

The first-order textbook formulations of relativistic viscous hydrodynamics are unstable and acausal. These shortcomings may be rectified by using effective theories which maintain stability and causality. In this dissertation, which is…

高能物理 - 理论 · 物理学 2025-09-30 Raphael E. Hoult

To assess the degree of equilibration of the matter created in heavy-ion reactions at low to intermediate beam energies, a hadronic transport approach (SMASH) is employed. By using a coarse-graining method, we compute the energy momentum…

高能物理 - 唯象学 · 物理学 2022-09-12 Gabriele Inghirami , Hannah Elfner

Charge dependent directed flow is an important observable of electromagnetic fields in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We demonstrate how the difference in charge dependent directed flows between protons and antiprotons is sensitive to…

核理论 · 物理学 2025-08-25 Nicholas J. Benoit , Takahiro Miyoshi , Chiho Nonaka , Hiroyuki R. Takahashi

New constraints for the nuclear equation of state at suprasaturation densities have been obtained by measuring collective particle flows in heavy-ion reactions at relativistic energies. Ratios and differences of neutron and hydrogen flows…

核实验 · 物理学 2018-02-13 W. Trautmann , H. H. Wolter

Using the recently developed ``Maximum Entropy'' (or ``least biased'') distribution function to truncate the moment hierarchy arising from kinetic theory, we formulate a far-from-equilibrium macroscopic theory that provides the possibility…

高能物理 - 唯象学 · 物理学 2023-08-03 Chandrodoy Chattopadhyay , Ulrich Heinz , Thomas Schaefer

We present a systematic investigation of the transverse-momentum differential radial flow fluctuations observable $v_0(p_T)$ in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at top RHIC ($\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}{\,=\,}200$ GeV) and LHC…

核实验 · 物理学 2026-01-09 Lipei Du

It is shown how the initial azimuthally asymmetric flow develops from the free-streaming + sudden equilibration approximation to the early dynamics in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Consequences for the hydrodynamics and physical…

核理论 · 物理学 2009-04-24 Wojciech Broniowski , Wojciech Florkowski , Mikolaj Chojnacki , Adam Kisiel

Centrality, rapidity, and transverse momentum dependence of hadron elliptic flow is studied in Au+Au collisions at BNL RHIC energies within the microscopic quark-gluon string model. The QGSM predictions coincide well with the experimental…

核理论 · 物理学 2009-11-07 E. E. Zabrodin , C. Fuchs , L. V. Bravina , Amand Faessler

The second order Israel-Stewart-M$\ddot{u}$ller relativistic hydrodynamics has been applied to study the effects of causality on the acoustic oscillation in relativistic fluid. Causal dispersion relations have been derived with…

核理论 · 物理学 2018-05-23 Mahfuzur Rahaman , Jan-e Alam