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The Adam optimizer is widely used for transformer optimization in practice, which makes understanding the underlying optimization mechanisms an important problem. However, due to the Adam's complexity, theoretical analysis of how it…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-03-04 Bingrui Li , Wei Huang , Andi Han , Zhanpeng Zhou , Taiji Suzuki , Jun Zhu , Jianfei Chen

Adam is widely recognized as one of the most effective optimizers for training deep neural networks (DNNs). Despite its remarkable empirical success, its theoretical convergence analysis remains unsatisfactory. Existing works predominantly…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-07-10 Hanyang Peng , Shuang Qin , Yue Yu , Fangqing Jiang , Hui Wang , Zhouchen Lin

Several recently proposed stochastic optimization methods that have been successfully used in training deep networks such as RMSProp, Adam, Adadelta, Nadam are based on using gradient updates scaled by square roots of exponential moving…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2019-04-22 Sashank J. Reddi , Satyen Kale , Sanjiv Kumar

Heavy ball momentum is crucial in accelerating (stochastic) gradient-based optimization algorithms for machine learning. Existing heavy ball momentum is usually weighted by a uniform hyperparameter, which relies on excessive tuning.…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-10-19 Tao Sun , Huaming Ling , Zuoqiang Shi , Dongsheng Li , Bao Wang

We prove local convergence of several notable gradient descent algorithms used in machine learning, for which standard stochastic gradient descent theory does not apply directly. This includes, first, online algorithms for recurrent models…

动力系统 · 数学 2021-01-11 Pierre-Yves Massé , Yann Ollivier

This paper provides the first tight convergence analyses for RMSProp and Adam in non-convex optimization under the most relaxed assumptions of coordinate-wise generalized smoothness and affine noise variance. We first analyze RMSProp, which…

机器学习 · 统计学 2025-03-11 Qi Zhang , Yi Zhou , Shaofeng Zou

Adam is a widely used stochastic optimization method for deep learning applications. While practitioners prefer Adam because it requires less parameter tuning, its use is problematic from a theoretical point of view since it may not…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-11-25 Mingrui Liu , Wei Zhang , Francesco Orabona , Tianbao Yang

We introduce Adam, an algorithm for first-order gradient-based optimization of stochastic objective functions, based on adaptive estimates of lower-order moments. The method is straightforward to implement, is computationally efficient, has…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2017-01-31 Diederik P. Kingma , Jimmy Ba

Training deep neural networks requires intricate initialization and careful selection of learning rates. The emergence of stochastic gradient optimization methods that use adaptive learning rates based on squared past gradients, e.g.,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2019-10-29 Jianbang Ding , Xuancheng Ren , Ruixuan Luo , Xu Sun

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and adaptive gradient methods, such as Adam and RMSProp, have been widely used in training deep neural networks. We empirically show that while the difference between the standard generalization performance…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-11-30 Avery Ma , Yangchen Pan , Amir-massoud Farahmand

In the context of stochastic gradient descent(SGD) and adaptive moment estimation (Adam),researchers have recently proposed optimization techniques that transition from Adam to SGD with the goal of improving both convergence and…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-07-01 Jiaxuan Wang , Jenna Wiens

In the recent years, various gradient descent algorithms including the methods of gradient descent, gradient descent with momentum, adaptive gradient (AdaGrad), root-mean-square propagation (RMSProp) and adaptive moment estimation (Adam)…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-09-19 Abel C. H. Chen

We present a manifestly covariant formulation of the gradient descent method, ensuring consistency across arbitrary coordinate systems and general curved trainable spaces. The optimization dynamics is defined using a covariant force vector…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-04-15 Dmitry Guskov , Vitaly Vanchurin

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is an inherently sequential training algorithm--computing the gradient at batch $i$ depends on the model parameters learned from batch $i-1$. Prior approaches that break this dependence do not honor them…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2020-06-05 Saeed Maleki , Madan Musuvathi , Todd Mytkowicz , Olli Saarikivi , Tianju Xu , Vadim Eksarevskiy , Jaliya Ekanayake , Emad Barsoum

Beside the standard stochastic gradient descent (SGD) method, the Adam optimizer due to Kingma & Ba (2014) is currently probably the best-known optimization method for the training of deep neural networks in artificial intelligence (AI)…

最优化与控制 · 数学 2025-11-11 Steffen Dereich , Thang Do , Arnulf Jentzen , Philippe von Wurstemberger

Despite the wide applications of Adam in reinforcement learning (RL), the theoretical convergence of Adam-type RL algorithms has not been established. This paper provides the first such convergence analysis for two fundamental RL algorithms…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-08-18 Huaqing Xiong , Tengyu Xu , Yingbin Liang , Wei Zhang

RMSProp and ADAM continue to be extremely popular algorithms for training neural nets but their theoretical convergence properties have remained unclear. Further, recent work has seemed to suggest that these algorithms have worse…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2018-11-22 Soham De , Anirbit Mukherjee , Enayat Ullah

Very little is known about the training dynamics of adaptive gradient methods like Adam in deep learning. In this paper, we shed light on the behavior of these algorithms in the full-batch and sufficiently large batch settings.…

We propose a continuous-time scheme for large-scale optimization that introduces individual, adaptive momentum coefficients regulated by the kinetic energy of each model parameter. This approach automatically adjusts to local landscape…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-02-03 Aikaterini Karoni , Rajit Rajpal , Benedict Leimkuhler , Gabriel Stoltz

Adam is a widely used optimization algorithm in deep learning, yet the specific class of objective functions where it exhibits inherent advantages remains underexplored. Unlike prior studies requiring external schedulers and $\beta_2$ near…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-26 Zhiwei Bai , Jiajie Zhao , Zhangchen Zhou , Zhi-Qin John Xu , Yaoyu Zhang