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We investigate the finite-time convergence properties of Temporal Difference (TD) learning with linear function approximation, a cornerstone algorithm in the field of reinforcement learning. We are interested in the so-called ``robust''…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-09-26 Wei-Cheng Lee , Francesco Orabona

We provide non-asymptotic bounds for the well-known temporal difference learning algorithm TD(0) with linear function approximators. These include high-probability bounds as well as bounds in expectation. Our analysis suggests that a…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2015-09-02 Nathaniel Korda , L. A. Prashanth

Temporal difference (TD) learning is a fundamental algorithm for estimating value functions in reinforcement learning. Recent finite-time analyses of TD with linear function approximation quantify its theoretical convergence rate. However,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-03-04 Yunxiang Li , Mark Schmidt , Reza Babanezhad , Sharan Vaswani

Temporal difference (TD) learning with linear function approximation (linear TD) is a classic and powerful prediction algorithm in reinforcement learning. While it is well-understood that linear TD converges almost surely to a unique point,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-03-25 Jiuqi Wang , Shangtong Zhang

This paper revisits the temporal difference (TD) learning algorithm for the policy evaluation tasks in reinforcement learning. Typically, the performance of TD(0) and TD($\lambda$) is very sensitive to the choice of stepsizes. Oftentimes,…

最优化与控制 · 数学 2021-10-12 Tao Sun , Han Shen , Tianyi Chen , Dongsheng Li

Temporal difference learning (TD) is a simple iterative algorithm used to estimate the value function corresponding to a given policy in a Markov decision process. Although TD is one of the most widely used algorithms in reinforcement…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2018-11-07 Jalaj Bhandari , Daniel Russo , Raghav Singal

Temporal-difference learning is a popular algorithm for policy evaluation. In this paper, we study the convergence of the regularized non-parametric TD(0) algorithm, in both the independent and Markovian observation settings. In particular,…

最优化与控制 · 数学 2022-05-25 Eloïse Berthier , Ziad Kobeissi , Francis Bach

Value functions derived from Markov decision processes arise as a central component of algorithms as well as performance metrics in many statistics and engineering applications of machine learning techniques. Computation of the solution to…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-03-02 Adithya M. Devraj , Ioannis Kontoyiannis , Sean P. Meyn

In reinforcement learning, temporal difference (TD) is the most direct algorithm to learn the value function of a policy. For large or infinite state spaces, exact representations of the value function are usually not available, and it must…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2018-05-03 Yann Ollivier

Multi-step temporal-difference (TD) learning, where the update targets contain information from multiple time steps ahead, is one of the most popular forms of TD learning for linear function approximation. The reason is that multi-step…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2016-08-19 Harm van Seijen

Temporal difference (TD) learning is a foundational algorithm in reinforcement learning (RL). For nearly forty years, TD learning has served as a workhorse for applied RL as well as a building block for more complex and specialized…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-06-24 Hwanwoo Kim , Panos Toulis , Eric Laber

In this paper, we study the finite-sample statistical rates of distributional temporal difference (TD) learning with linear function approximation. The purpose of distributional TD learning is to estimate the return distribution of a…

机器学习 · 统计学 2025-11-18 Kaicheng Jin , Yang Peng , Jiansheng Yang , Zhihua Zhang

Temporal difference learning with linear function approximation is a popular method to obtain a low-dimensional approximation of the value function of a policy in a Markov Decision Process. We give a new interpretation of this method in…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-10-29 Rui Liu , Alex Olshevsky

Temporal-difference learning (TD), coupled with neural networks, is among the most fundamental building blocks of deep reinforcement learning. However, due to the nonlinearity in value function approximation, such a coupling leads to…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-04-16 Qi Cai , Zhuoran Yang , Jason D. Lee , Zhaoran Wang

Motivated by the emerging use of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in engineering applications such as networked robotics, swarming drones, and sensor networks, we investigate the policy evaluation problem in a fully decentralized…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-01-31 Jun Sun , Gang Wang , Georgios B. Giannakis , Qinmin Yang , Zaiyue Yang

Neural Temporal Difference (TD) Learning is an approximate temporal difference method for policy evaluation that uses a neural network for function approximation. Analysis of Neural TD Learning has proven to be challenging. In this paper we…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-12-12 Haoxing Tian , Ioannis Ch. Paschalidis , Alex Olshevsky

Value functions arise as a component of algorithms as well as performance metrics in statistics and engineering applications. Computation of the associated Bellman equations is numerically challenging in all but a few special cases. A…

系统与控制 · 计算机科学 2018-12-27 Adithya M. Devraj , Sean P. Meyn

We consider off-policy temporal-difference (TD) learning methods for policy evaluation in Markov decision processes with finite spaces and discounted reward criteria, and we present a collection of convergence results for several…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2018-03-30 Huizhen Yu

Temporal Difference Learning (TD(0)) is fundamental in reinforcement learning, yet its finite-sample behavior under non-i.i.d. data and nonlinear approximation remains unknown. We provide the first high-probability, finite-sample analysis…

机器学习 · 统计学 2025-05-22 Anupama Sridhar , Alexander Johansen

TD(0) is one of the most commonly used algorithms in reinforcement learning. Despite this, there is no existing finite sample analysis for TD(0) with function approximation, even for the linear case. Our work is the first to provide such…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2017-12-12 Gal Dalal , Balázs Szörényi , Gugan Thoppe , Shie Mannor
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