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Intelligent systems that use Machine Learning classification algorithms are increasingly common in everyday society. However, many systems use black-box models that do not have characteristics that allow for self-explanation of their…

Knowledge Tracing (KT) infers a student's knowledge state from past interactions to predict future performance. Conventional Deep Learning (DL)-based KT models are typically tied to platform-specific identifiers and latent representations,…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-04-23 Zhiyi Duan , Hongyu Yuan , Rui Liu

Educational assessment relies heavily on knowing question difficulty, traditionally determined through resource-intensive pre-testing with students. This creates significant barriers for both classroom teachers and assessment developers. We…

计算机与社会 · 计算机科学 2026-02-03 Matias Hoyl

Item Response Theory (IRT) has been proposed within the field of Educational Psychometrics to assess student ability as well as test question difficulty and discrimination power. More recently, IRT has been applied to evaluate machine…

机器学习 · 统计学 2023-08-01 Sevvandi Kandanaarachchi , Kate Smith-Miles

Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT) models student learning behavior by using Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to predict future performance based on historical interaction data. However, the original implementation relied on standard RNNs in the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-04-30 Altun Shukurlu

Item response theory (IRT) has become one of the most popular statistical models for psychometrics, a field of study concerned with the theory and techniques of psychological measurement. The IRT models are latent factor models tailored to…

统计方法学 · 统计学 2021-08-20 Yunxiao Chen , Xiaoou Li , Jingchen Liu , Zhiliang Ying

This paper presents a machine learning approach to multidimensional item response theory (MIRT), a class of latent factor models that can be used to model and predict student performance from observed assessment data. Inspired by…

机器学习 · 统计学 2025-01-08 Yoav Bergner , Peter F. Halpin , Jill-Jênn Vie

Computerized adaptive tests (CATs) play a crucial role in educational assessment and diagnostic screening in behavioral health. Unlike traditional linear tests that administer a fixed set of pre-assembled items, CATs adaptively tailor the…

统计方法学 · 统计学 2026-05-11 Jiguang Li , Robert Gibbons , Veronika Rockova

Knowledge Tracing (KT) models students' knowledge states based on learning interactions to predict performance. While deep learning-based KT models have boosted predictive accuracy, most models rely on deterministic vector embeddings and…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-05-12 Siyu Wu , Cong Xu , Wei Zhang

The field of Knowledge Tracing aims to understand how students learn and master knowledge over time by analyzing their historical behaviour data. To achieve this goal, many researchers have proposed Knowledge Tracing models that use data…

计算机与社会 · 计算机科学 2024-05-09 Zhaoxing Li , Jujie Yang , Jindi Wang , Lei Shi , Sebastian Stein

Humans can progressively learn visual concepts from easy to hard questions. To mimic this efficient learning ability, we propose a competence-aware curriculum for visual concept learning in a question-answering manner. Specifically, we…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2020-07-29 Qing Li , Siyuan Huang , Yining Hong , Song-Chun Zhu

Knowledge tracing is the task of modeling each student's mastery of knowledge concepts (KCs) as (s)he engages with a sequence of learning activities. Each student's knowledge is modeled by estimating the performance of the student on the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2019-07-17 Shalini Pandey , George Karypis

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a critical task in online learning for modeling student knowledge over time. Despite the success of deep learning-based KT models, which rely on sequences of numbers as data, most existing approaches fail to…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-06-11 Unggi Lee , Jiyeong Bae , Dohee Kim , Sookbun Lee , Jaekwon Park , Taekyung Ahn , Gunho Lee , Damji Stratton , Hyeoncheol Kim

Evaluating models and datasets in computer vision remains a challenging task, with most leaderboards relying solely on accuracy. While accuracy is a popular metric for model evaluation, it provides only a coarse assessment by considering a…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-09-09 Rahul Ramachandran , Tejal Kulkarni , Charchit Sharma , Deepak Vijaykeerthy , Vineeth N Balasubramanian

Tracing a student's knowledge is vital for tailoring the learning experience. Recent knowledge tracing methods tend to respond to these challenges by modelling knowledge state dynamics across learning concepts. However, they still suffer…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-08-19 Ghodai Abdelrahman , Qing Wang

Knowledge tracing (KT) serves as a primary part of intelligent education systems. Most current KTs either rely on expert judgments or only exploit a single network structure, which affects the full expression of learning features. To…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-02-24 Liting Lyu , Zhifeng Wang , Haihong Yun , Zexue Yang , Ya Li

Traditional methods for determining assessment item parameters, such as difficulty and discrimination, rely heavily on expensive field testing to collect student performance data for Item Response Theory (IRT) calibration. This study…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-01-07 Christopher Ormerod

Few models have been more ubiquitous in their respective fields than Bayesian knowledge tracing and item response theory. Both of these models were developed to analyze data on learners. However, the study designs that these models are…

统计方法学 · 统计学 2018-10-15 Benjamin Deonovic , Michael Yudelson , Maria Bolsinova , Meirav Attali , Gunter Maris

Modelling student knowledge is a key challenge when leveraging AI in education, with major implications for personalised learning. The Knowledge Tracing (KT) task aims to predict how students will respond to educational questions in…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-01-27 Max Norris , Kobi Gal , Sahan Bulathwela

KnowledgeTracing (KT) involves predicting students' knowledge states based on their interactions with Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS). A key challenge is the cold start problem, accurately predicting knowledge for new students with…

计算机与社会 · 计算机科学 2026-02-09 Indronil Bhattacharjee , Christabel Wayllace