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A conflict-free replicated data type (CRDT) is an abstract data type, with a well defined interface, designed to be replicated at multiple processes and exhibiting the following properties: (1) any replica can be modified without…

Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) allow optimistic replication in a principled way. Different replicas can proceed independently, being available even under network partitions, and always converging deterministically: replicas…

Internet-scale distributed systems often replicate data at multiple geographic locations to provide low latency and high availability, despite node and network failures. Geo-replicated systems that adopt a weak consistency model allow…

Operation-based Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) are eventually consistent replicated data types that automatically resolve conflicts between concurrent operations. Op-based CRDTs must be designed differently for each data type,…

A CRDT is a data type whose operations commute when they are concurrent. Replicas of a CRDT eventually converge without any complex concurrency control. As an existence proof, we exhibit a non-trivial CRDT: a shared edit buffer called…

Collaborative Data Sharing is widely noticed to be essential for distributed systems. Among several proposed strategies, conflict-free techniques are considered useful for serverless concurrent systems. They aim at making shared data be…

Distributed storage systems employ replication to improve performance and reliability. To provide low latency data access, replicas are often required to accept updates without coordination with each other, and the updates are then…

Many applications model their data in a general-purpose storage format such as JSON. This data structure is modified by the application as a result of user input. Such modifications are well understood if performed sequentially on a single…

Digital collaboration systems support asynchronous work over replicated data, where conflicts arise when concurrent operations cannot be unambiguously integrated into a shared history. While Conflict-Free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs)…

Despite decades of research and practical experience, developers have few tools for programming reliable distributed applications without resorting to expensive coordination techniques. Conflict-free replicated datatypes (CRDTs) are a…

CRDTs are distributed data types that make eventual consistency of a distributed object possible and non ad-hoc. Specifically, state-based CRDTs ensure convergence through disseminating the entire state, that may be large, and merging it to…

Conflict-free replicated data types (CRDTs) are distributed data structures designed for fault tolerance and high availability. CRDTs have historically been taxonomized into state-based CRDTs, in which replicas apply updates locally and…

Distributed systems designed to serve clients across the world often make use of geo-replication to attain low latency and high availability. Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) allow the design of predictable multi-master…

Maintaining multiple replicas of data is crucial to achieving scalability, availability and low latency in distributed applications. Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) are important building blocks in this domain because they are…

Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) allow collaborative access to an app's data. We describe a novel CRDT operation, for-each on the list of CRDTs, and demonstrate its use in collaborative apps. Our for-each operation applies a…

Geo-distributed systems often replicate data at multiple locations to achieve availability and performance despite network partitions. These systems must accept updates at any replica and propagate these updates asynchronously to every…

Trees are fundamental data structure for many areas of computer science and system engineering. In this report, we show how to ensure eventual consistency of optimistically replicated trees. In optimistic replication, the different replicas…

Consensus protocols are fundamental in distributed systems as they enable software with strong consistency properties. However, designing optimized protocols for specific use-cases under certain system assumptions is typically a laborious…

Conflict-Free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) are used in a range of fields for their coordination-free replication with strong eventual consistency. By prioritising availability over consistency under partition, peers accumulate events in…

We introduce Coordination-free Collaborative Replication (CCR), a new method for maintaining consistency across replicas in distributed systems without requiring explicit coordination messages. CCR automates conflict resolution, contrasting…