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This paper presents a temporal classification method for all three subtasks of symbol segmentation, symbol recognition and relation classification in online handwritten mathematical expressions (HMEs). The classification model is trained by…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2021-05-24 Cuong Tuan Nguyen , Thanh-Nghia Truong , Hung Tuan Nguyen , Masaki Nakagawa

Handwritten mathematical expression recognition (HMER) is an important research direction in handwriting recognition. The performance of HMER suffers from the two-dimensional structure of mathematical expressions (MEs). To address this…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2020-07-21 Zhe Li , Lianwen Jin , Songxuan Lai , Yecheng Zhu

This paper proposes a method for recognizing online handwritten mathematical expressions (OnHME) by building a symbol relation tree (SRT) directly from a sequence of strokes. A bidirectional recurrent neural network learns from multiple…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2021-05-14 Thanh-Nghia Truong , Hung Tuan Nguyen , Cuong Tuan Nguyen , Masaki Nakagawa

The recognition of handwritten mathematical expressions in images and video frames is a difficult and unsolved problem yet. Deep convectional neural networks are basically a promising approach, but typically require a large amount of…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2021-06-18 Matthias Springstein , Eric Müller-Budack , Ralph Ewerth

In this paper, a robust multiscale neural network is proposed to recognize handwritten mathematical expressions and output LaTeX sequences, which can effectively and correctly focus on where each step of output should be concerned and has a…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2020-03-03 Hongyu Wang , Guangcun Shan

Encoder-decoder models have made great progress on handwritten mathematical expression recognition recently. However, it is still a challenge for existing methods to assign attention to image features accurately. Moreover, those…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2021-05-18 Wenqi Zhao , Liangcai Gao , Zuoyu Yan , Shuai Peng , Lin Du , Ziyin Zhang

Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition is foundational for educational technologies, enabling applications like digital note-taking and automated grading. While modern encoder-decoder architectures with large language models excel…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-08-28 Jakob Seitz , Tobias Lengfeld , Radu Timofte

Offline Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) systems play a crucial role in applications such as historical document digitization, automatic form processing, and biometric authentication. However, their performance is often hindered by the…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-07-10 Yassin Hussein Rassul , Aram M. Ahmed , Polla Fattah , Bryar A. Hassan , Arwaa W. Abdulkareem , Tarik A. Rashid , Joan Lu

Handwritten mathematical expression recognition is a challenging problem due to the complicated two-dimensional structures, ambiguous handwriting input and variant scales of handwritten math symbols. To settle this problem, we utilize the…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2018-02-01 Jianshu Zhang , Jun Du , Lirong Dai

Handwritten mathematical expression recognition (HMER) is challenging in image-to-text tasks due to the complex layouts of mathematical expressions and suffers from problems including over-parsing and under-parsing. To solve these, previous…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-03-06 Yutian Liu , Wenjun Ke , Jianguo Wei

Offline Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) is a major area in the field of mathematical expression recognition. Offline HMER is often viewed as a much harder problem as compared to online HMER due to a lack of temporal…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-08-23 Ujjwal Thakur , Anuj Sharma

Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) methods have made remarkable progress, with most existing HMER approaches based on either a hybrid CNN/RNN-based with GRU architecture or Transformer architectures. Each of these has…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-08-21 Kehua Chen , Haoyang Shen , Lifan Zhong , Mingyi Chen

The ubiquitous role of the cyber-infrastructures, such as the WWW, provides myriad opportunities for machine learning and its broad spectrum of application domains taking advantage of digital communication. Pattern classification and…

Automatically assessing handwritten mathematical solutions is an important problem in educational technology with practical applications, but it remains a significant challenge due to the diverse formats, unstructured layouts, and symbolic…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-10-28 Thu Phuong Nguyen , Duc M. Nguyen , Hyotaek Jeon , Hyunwook Lee , Hyunmin Song , Sungahn Ko , Taehwan Kim

The Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) task is a critical branch in the field of OCR. Recent studies have demonstrated that incorporating bidirectional context information significantly improves the performance of HMER…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-01-02 Hanbo Cheng , Chenyu Liu , Pengfei Hu , Zhenrong Zhang , Jiefeng Ma , Jun Du

Handwritten mathematical expression recognition (HMER) is a challenging task that has many potential applications. Recent methods for HMER have achieved outstanding performance with an encoder-decoder architecture. However, these methods…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-06-08 Ye Yuan , Xiao Liu , Wondimu Dikubab , Hui Liu , Zhilong Ji , Zhongqin Wu , Xiang Bai

Handwritten mathematical expression recognition aims to automatically generate LaTeX sequences from given images. Currently, attention-based encoder-decoder models are widely used in this task. They typically generate target sequences in a…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-02-24 Xiaohang Bian , Bo Qin , Xiaozhe Xin , Jianwu Li , Xuefeng Su , Yanfeng Wang

Handwritten mathematical expression recognition (HMER) suffers from complex formula structures and character layouts in sequence prediction. In this paper, we incorporate frequency domain analysis into HMER and propose a method that marries…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-07-02 Huanxin Yang , Qiwen Wang

Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) requires reasoning over diverse symbols and 2D structural layouts, yet autoregressive models struggle with exposure bias and syntactic inconsistency. We present a discrete diffusion…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2026-02-04 Takaya Kawakatsu , Ryo Ishiyama

Large foundation models have achieved significant performance gains through scalable training on massive datasets. However, the field of \textbf{H}andwritten \textbf{M}athematical \textbf{E}xpression \textbf{R}ecognition (HMER) has been…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2026-01-13 Haoyang Li , Jiaqing Li , Jialun Cao , Zongyuan Yang , Yongping Xiong
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