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Deep learning has revolutionized email filtering, which is critical to protect users from cyber threats such as spam, malware, and phishing. However, the increasing sophistication of adversarial attacks poses a significant challenge to the…

The increasingly sophisticated and growing number of threat actors along with the sheer speed at which cyber attacks unfold, make timely identification of attacks imperative to an organisations' security. Consequently, persons responsible…

Phishing detection systems are predominantly rely on statistical machine learning models, which often lack contextual reasoning and are vulnerable to adversarial manipulation. In this work, we propose a hybrid framework that integrates…

Protecting and preventing sensitive data from being used inappropriately has become a challenging task. Even a small mistake in securing data can be exploited by phishing attacks to release private information such as passwords or financial…

Email phishing remains a prevalent cyber threat, targeting victims to extract sensitive information or deploy malicious software. This paper explores the integration of open-source intelligence (OSINT) tools and machine learning (ML) models…

Spam messes up users inbox, consumes resources and spread attacks like DDoS, MiM, phishing etc. Phishing is a byproduct of email and causes financial loss to users and loss of reputation to financial institutions. In this paper we examine…

Email is one of the most widely used ways to communicate, with millions of people and businesses relying on it to communicate and share knowledge and information on a daily basis. Nevertheless, the rise in email users has occurred a…

Many different machine learning and deep learning techniques have been successfully employed for malware detection and classification. Examples of popular learning techniques in the malware domain include Hidden Markov Models (HMM), Random…

Natural Language Processing (NLP) models based on Machine Learning (ML) are susceptible to adversarial attacks -- malicious algorithms that imperceptibly modify input text to force models into making incorrect predictions. However,…

Phishing emails are the first step for many of today's attacks. They come with a simple hyperlink, request for action or a full replica of an existing service or website. The goal is generally to trick the user to voluntarily give away his…

Phishing attacks attempt to deceive users into stealing sensitive information, posing a significant cybersecurity threat. Advances in machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have led to the development of numerous phishing webpage…

Phishing websites pose a major cybersecurity threat, exploiting unsuspecting users and causing significant financial and organisational harm. Traditional machine learning approaches for phishing detection often require extensive feature…

Phishing is considered to be one of the most prevalent cyber-attacks because of its immense flexibility and alarmingly high success rate. Even with adequate training and high situational awareness, it can still be hard for users to…

This article deals with adversarial attacks towards deep learning systems for Natural Language Processing (NLP), in the context of privacy protection. We study a specific type of attack: an attacker eavesdrops on the hidden representations…

Phishing websites remain a persistent cybersecurity threat by mimicking legitimate sites to steal sensitive user information. Existing machine learning-based detection methods often rely on supervised learning with labeled data, which not…

The rapid proliferation of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has introduced unprecedented security challenges, particularly in phishing detection within academic environments. Academic institutions and researchers are high-value…

Substantial research works have shown that deep models, e.g., pre-trained models, on the large corpus can learn universal language representations, which are beneficial for downstream NLP tasks. However, these powerful models are also…

This paper explores the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in spear phishing message generation and evaluates their performance compared to human-authored counterparts. Our pilot study examines the effectiveness of smishing (SMS phishing)…

Developments in artificial intelligence (AI) are likely to affect social engineering and change cyber defense operations. The broad and sweeping nature of AI impact means that many aspects of social engineering could be automated,…

Natural language processing (NLP) technology has shown great commercial value in applications such as sentiment analysis. But NLP models are vulnerable to the threat of pirated redistribution, damaging the economic interests of model…