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Quantum computer is no longer a hypothetical idea. It is the worlds most important technology and there is a race among countries to get supremacy in quantum technology. Its the technology that will reduce the computing time from years to…

With the constantly advancing capabilities of quantum computers, conventional cryptographic systems relying on complex math problems may encounter unforeseen vulnerabilities. Unlike regular computers, which are often deemed cost-ineffective…

Quantum algorithms have demonstrated promising speed-ups over classical algorithms in the context of computational learning theory - despite the presence of noise. In this work, we give an overview of recent quantum speed-ups, revisit the…

The development of quantum computing threatens the security of our currently widely deployed cryptographic algorithms. While signicant progress has been made in developing post-quantum cryptography (PQC) standards to protect against future…

On July 5, 2022, the National Institute of Standards and Technology announced four possible post-quantum cryptography standards, three of them are based on lattice theory and the other one is based on Hash function. It is well-known that…

The paper explains that post-quantum cryptography is necessary due to the introduction of quantum computing causing certain algorithms to be broken. We analyze the different types of post-quantum cryptography, quantum cryptography and…

Voting is a primary democratic activity through which voters select representatives or approve policies. Conventional paper ballot elections have several drawbacks that might compromise the fairness, effectiveness, and accessibility of the…

Decision of whether a Boolean equation system has a solution is an NPC problem and finding a solution is NP hard. In this paper, we present a quantum algorithm to decide whether a Boolean equation system FS has a solution and compute one if…

Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) is moving from evaluation to deployment as NIST finalizes standards for ML-KEM, ML-DSA, and SLH-DSA. This survey maps the space from foundations to practice. We first develop a taxonomy across lattice-,…

6G networks will require quantum-secure cryptography deployed across core infrastructure, edge nodes, resource-constrained IoT devices. Although post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) algorithms have been standardized by NIST, their practical…

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has finalized the selection of post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) algorithms for use in the era of quantum computing. Despite their integration into TLS protocol for key establishment…

The implications of sufficiently large quantum computers for widely used public-key cryptography is well-documented and increasingly discussed by the security community. An April 2016 report by the National Institute of Standards and…

The development of large quantum computers will have dire consequences for cryptography. Most of the symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic algorithms are vulnerable to quantum algorithms. Grover's search algorithm gives a square root time…

In 1994, P. Shor discovered quantum algorithms which can break both the RSA cryptosystem and the ElGamal cryptosystem. In 2007, D-Wave demonstrated the first quantum computer. These events and further developments have brought a crisis to…

The advent of quantum computing poses a profound threat to traditional cryptographic systems, exposing vulnerabilities that compromise the security of digital communication channels reliant on RSA, ECC, and similar classical encryption…

While advances in quantum computing promise new opportunities for scientific advancement (e.g., material science and machine learning), many people are not aware that they also threaten the widely deployed cryptographic algorithms that are…

This survey is on forward-looking, emerging security concerns in post-quantum era, i.e., the implementation attacks for 2022 winners of NIST post-quantum cryptography (PQC) competition and thus the visions, insights, and discussions can be…

Blockchain is a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) that offers numerous benefits including decentralization, transparency, efficiency, and reduced costs. Hence, blockchain has been included in many fields. Blockchain relies on…

The rise of quantum computers exposes vulnerabilities in current public key cryptographic protocols, necessitating the development of secure post-quantum (PQ) schemes. Hence, we conduct a comprehensive study on various PQ approaches,…

In this work, we introduce a novel variant of the multivariate quadratic problem, which is at the core of one of the most promising post-quantum alternatives: multivariate cryptography. In this variant, the solution of a given multivariate…