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Data security is required when communications over untrusted networks takes place. Security tools such as cryptography and steganography are applied to achieve such objectives, but both have limitations and susceptible to attacks if they…

This paper modifies Kak's three-stage protocol so that it can guarantee secure transmission of information. Although avoiding man-in-the-middle attack is our primary objective in the introduction of classical authentication inside the…

This article describes a post-quantum multirecipient symmetric cryptosystem whose security is based on the hardness of the LWE problem. In this scheme a single sender encrypts multiple messages for multiple recipients generating a single…

This paper presents a quantum mechanical version of the piggy-bank cryptography protocol. The basic piggybank cryptography idea is to use two communications: one with the encrypted message, and the other regarding the encryption…

A quantum cryptographic protocol based in public key cryptography combinations and private key cryptography is presented. Unlike the BB84 protocol [1] and its many variants [2,3] two quantum channels are used. The present research does not…

Encryption study basically deals with three levels of algorithms. The first algorithm deals with encryption mechanism, second deals with decryption Mechanism and the third discusses about the generation of keys and sub keys used in the…

The security of the previous quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, which is guaranteed by the nature of physics law, is based on the legitimate users. However, impersonation of the legitimate communicators by eavesdroppers, in practice,…

We introduce a new type of cryptographic primitive that we call hiding fingerprinting. A (quantum) fingerprinting scheme translates a binary string of length $n$ to $d$ (qu)bits, typically $d\ll n$, such that given any string $y$ and a…

Multi-signature is a protocol where a set of signatures jointly sign a message so that the final signature is significantly shorter than concatenating individual signatures together. Recently, it finds applications in blockchain, where…

In the absence of any efficient classical schemes for verifying a universal quantum computer, the importance of limiting the required quantum resources for this task has been highlighted recently. Currently, most of efficient quantum…

Due to the recent challenges in post-quantum cryptography, several new approaches for code-based cryptography have been proposed. For example, a variant of the McEliece cryptosystem based on interleaved codes was proposed. In order to deem…

In conventional cryptography, information-theoretically secure message authentication can be achieved by means of universal hash functions, and requires that the two legitimate users share a random secret key, which is twice as long as the…

Cryptographic Protocols (CP) are distributed algorithms intended for secure communication in an insecure environment. They are used, for example, in electronic payments, electronic voting procedures, systems of confidential data processing,…

Efficiently distributing secret keys over long distances remains a critical challenge in the development of quantum networks. "First-generation" quantum repeater chains distribute entanglement by executing protocols composed of…

All the current modern encryption algorithms utilize fixed symbols for plaintext and cyphertext. What I mean by fixed is that there is a set and limited number of symbols to represent the characters, numbers, and punctuations. In addition,…

Cryptography literally means "The art & science of secret writing & sending a message between two parties in such a way that its contents cannot be understood by someone other than the intended recipient". and Quantum word is related with…

In the classical Secret-Key generation model, Common Randomness is generated by two terminals based on the observation of correlated components of a common source, while keeping it secret from a non-legitimate observer. It is assumed that…

The study of sending and receiving secret messages is called cryptography. Generally, senders and receivers are unaware about the process of encryption and decryption. Hence, encryption plays an important role in data communication and data…

This paper presents a hybrid cryptographic protocol, using quantum and classical resources, to generate a key for authentication and optionally for encryption in a network. One or more trusted servers distribute streams of entangled photons…

Traditional cryptography is suffering a huge threat from the development of quantum computing. While many currently used public-key cryptosystems would be broken by Shor's algorithm, the effect of quantum computing on symmetric ones is…