相关论文: Can Science and Technology Capacity be Measured?
This paper will discuss the role of an artificially-intelligent computer system as critique-based, implicit-organizational, and an inherently necessary device, deployed in synchrony with parallel governmental policy, as a genuine means of…
The quantum prepare-and-measure scenario has been studied under various physical assumptions on the emitted states. Here, we first discuss how different assumptions are conceptually and formally related. We then identify one that can serve…
Existing physical theories do not predict every feature of our experience but only certain regularities of that experience. That difference between what could be observed and what can be predicted is one kind of limit on scientific…
Measuring international research collaboration is necessary when evaluating, for example, the efficacy of policy meant to increase cooperation between countries, but is currently very difficult as bibliographic records contain only…
The technological revolution of the Internet has digitized the social, economic, political, and cultural activities of billions of humans. While researchers have been paying due attention to concerns of misinformation and bias, these…
We propose an operational, quantitative definition of intelligence for arbitrary physical systems. The intelligence density of a system is the ratio of the logarithm of its independent outputs to its total description length. A system…
How smart is your kettle? How smart are things in your kitchen, your house, your neighborhood, on the internet? With the advent of Internet of Things, and the move of making devices `smart' by utilizing AI, a natural question arrises, how…
With the advent of the information age, the scale of data on the Internet is getting larger and larger, and it is full of text, images, videos, and other information. Different from social media data and news data, scientific research…
The rankability of data is a recently proposed problem that considers the ability of a dataset, represented as a graph, to produce a meaningful ranking of the items it contains. To study this concept, a number of rankability measures have…
In this paper we offer a way to measure the knowledge base of an economy in terms of probabilistic entropy. This measure, we hypothesize, is an indication of the extent to which a system, including the economic system, self-organizes. In a…
Evaluating artificial systems for signs of consciousness is increasingly becoming a pressing concern, and a rigorous psychometric measurement framework may be of crucial importance in evaluating large language models in this regard. Most…
One purpose -- quite a few thinkers would say the main purpose -- of seeking knowledge about the world is to enhance our ability to make good decisions. An item of knowledge that can make no conceivable difference with regard to anything we…
The intellectual organization of the sciences cannot be appreciated sufficiently unless the cognitive dimension is considered as an independent source of variance. Cognitive structures interact and co-construct the organization of scholars…
By nature, transmissible human knowledge is enumerable: every sentence, movie, audio record can be encoded in a sufficiently long string of 0's and 1's. The works of G\"odel, Turing and others showed that there are inherent limits and…
Transportation systems are currently being transformed by advances in information and communication technologies. The development of autonomous transportation holds the promise of providing revolutionary improvements in speed, efficiency,…
Simulations - utilizing computers to solve complicated science and engineering problems - are a key ingredient of modern science. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is a world leader in the development of high-performance computing (HPC),…
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the possibilities for computing machinery, or AI agents, to know and to possess knowledge. This is done mainly from a virtue epistemology perspective and definition of knowledge. However, this inquiry…
Scholars and policy makers recognize that collaboration between industry and the public research institutions is a necessity for innovation and national economic development. This work presents an econometric model which expresses the…
Knowhow in societies accumulates as it gets transmitted from group to group, and from generation to generation. However, we lack of a unified quantitative formalism that takes into account the structured process for how this accumulation…
Scientific tools dictate the boundaries of human knowledge, serving as the foundation for perceptions and explorations. In the era of Big Science, science are increasingly dependent on advanced analytical technologies and experimental…