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The Fermi bubbles, two giant gamma-ray bubbles above and below the Galactic center (GC), are among the most important findings of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Because of the proximity, spatially resolved, multi-wavelength…
Fermi has discovered two giant gamma-ray-emitting bubbles that extend nearly 10kpc in diameter north and south of the galactic center (GC). The existence of the bubbles was first evidenced in X-rays detected by ROSAT and later WMAP detected…
Evidence has increasingly mounted in recent decades that outflows of matter and energy from the central parsecs of our Galaxy have shaped the observed structure of the Milky Way on a variety of larger scales. On scales of ~15 pc, the…
Observations indicate two nested pairs of extended bipolar bubbles emanating from the Milky-Way center - the $|b|\sim80^\circ$ latitude eROSITA bubbles (RBs), encompassing the smaller, $|b|\sim 50^{\circ}$ Fermi bubbles (FBs) - and classify…
The Fermi bubbles (FBs) are large gamma-ray emitting lobes extending up to $55\deg$ in latitude above and below the Galactic center (GC). Although the FBs were discovered 8 years ago, their origin and the nature of the gamma-ray emission…
The Fermi bubbles are two giant bubbles in gamma rays lying above and below the Galactic center (GC). Despite numerous studies on the bubbles, their origin and emission mechanism remain elusive. Here we use a suite of hydrodynamic…
The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope reveals two large gamma-ray bubbles in the Galaxy, which extend about 50 degrees (~ 10 kpc) above and below the Galactic center (GC) and are symmetric about the Galactic plane. Using axisymmetric…
We analyse processes of electron acceleration in the Fermi Bubbles in order to define parameters and restrictions of the models, which are suggested for the origin of these giant radio and gamma-ray structures. In the case of leptonic…
The origin of the Fermi bubbles and the microwave haze is yet to be determined. To disentangle different models requires detailed comparisons between theoretical predictions and multi-wavelength observations. Our previous simulations have…
The origin of the Fermi bubbles, which constitute two gamma-ray emitting lobes above and below the Galactic plane, remains unclear. The possibility that this Fermi bubbles gamma-ray emission originates from hadronic cosmic rays advected by…
Giant lobes of plasma extend 55 degrees above and below the Galactic Center, glowing in emission from gamma rays (the Fermi Bubbles) to microwaves (the WMAP haze) and polarized radio waves. We use ultraviolet absorption-line spectra from…
The Galactic Center is surrounded by two giant plasma lobes known as the Fermi Bubbles, extending ~10 kpc both above and below the Galactic plane. Spectroscopic observations of Fermi Bubble directions at radio, ultraviolet, and optical…
In a previous work, we have shown that the formation of the Fermi bubbles can be due to the interaction between winds launched from the hot accretion flow in Sgr A* and the interstellar medium (ISM). In that work, we focus only on the…
We propose the model of the global structure of the electromagnetic fields in the Fermi bubbles (FBs), which makes possible the proton regular acceleration up to ultra-high energies. The poloidal and the toroidal magnetic fields, as well as…
The Fermi and eROSITA bubbles in the Milky Way represent an archetypal case of galactic nucleus feedback, yet their origin remains highly debated. Here we use hydrodynamic simulations to investigate the formation of the "Fermi bubbles" in…
The ~200 HI clouds observed to be entrained in the Fermi Bubble wind show a trend of increasing maximum |VLSR| with Galactic latitude. We analyze previous observations and present new data from the Green Bank Telescope that rule out…
The newly launched X-ray satellite, eRosita, has recently revealed two gigantic bubbles extending to ~80 degrees above and below the Galactic center. The morphology of these "eRosita bubbles" bears a remarkable resemblance to the Fermi…
We analyse processes of particle acceleration in the Fermi Bubbles. The goal of our investigations is to obtain restrictions for acceleration mechanisms. Our analysis of the three processes: acceleration from background plasma,…
The Galactic Center's giant outflows are manifest in three different, non-thermal phenomena: i) the hard-spectrum, \gamma-ray `Fermi Bubbles' emanating from the nucleus and extending to |b| ~ 50 degrees; ii) the hard-spectrum,…
We analyse the model of stochastic re-acceleration of electrons, which are emitted by supernova remnants (SNRs) in the Galactic Disk and propagate then into the Galactic halo, in order to explain the origin on nonthermal (radio and…