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Supermassive stars (SMSs) forming via very rapid mass accretion (Mdot >~ 0.1 Msun/yr) could be precursors of supermassive black holes observed beyond redshift of about 6. Extending our previous work, we here study the evolution of…
Direct collapse of supermassive stars (SMSs) is a possible pathway for generating supermassive black holes in the early universe. It is expected that an SMS could form via very rapid mass accretion with Mdot ~ 0.1 - 1 Msun/yr during the…
Supermassive stars (SMS; ~ 10^5 M_sun) formed from metal-free gas in the early Universe attract attention as progenitors of supermassive black holes observed at high redshifts. To form SMSs by accretion, central protostars must accrete at…
Supermassive stars (SMSs) are candidate progenitors of massive black hole seeds and may contribute to anomalous abundance patterns in high-redshift galaxies and globular clusters. Recent radiation-hydrodynamic simulations indicate that SMSs…
The formation of supermassive stars (SMSs) via rapid mass accretion and their direct collapse into black holes (BHs) is a promising pathway for sowing seeds of supermassive BHs in the early universe. We calculate the evolution of rapidly…
The formation of supermassive stars (SMSs) is a possible pathway to seed supermassive black holes in the early universe. This chapter summarizes recent theoretical efforts to understand their evolution, highlighting effects of very rapid…
Supermassive stars (SMSs), with masses $>10^5$ M$_\odot$, have been proposed as the possible progenitors of the most extreme supermassive black holes observed at redshifts $z>6-7$. In this scenario ('direct collapse'), a SMS accretes at…
More than two hundred supermassive black holes (SMBHs) of masses $\gtrsim 10^9\,\mathrm{M_{\odot}}$ have been discovered at $z \gtrsim 6$. One promising pathway for the formation of SMBHs is through the collapse of supermassive stars (SMSs)…
Supermassive black holes might form by direct collapse, with a supermassive star (SMS) as progenitor. In this scenario, the SMS accretes at > 0.1 Msun/yr until it collapses into a massive black hole seed due to the general-relativistic (GR)…
The recent discovery of high-redshift (z > 6) supermassive black holes (SMBH) favors the formation of massive seed BHs in protogalaxies. One possible scenario is formation of massive stars ~ 1e3-1e4 Msun via runaway stellar collisions in a…
A promising formation channel of SMBHs at redshift 6 is the so-called DC model, which posits that a massive seed BH forms through gravitational collapse of a $\sim 10^5~M_\odot$ SMS. We study the evolution of such a SMS growing by rapid…
Supermassive stars (SMSs) and heavy seed black holes, as their remnants, are promising candidates for Supermassive Black Hole (SMBH) progenitors, especially for ones observed in the early universe $ z\simeq 8.5-10$ by recent JWST…
Primordial supermassive stars (SMSs) formed in atomic-cooling halos at z ~ 15 - 20 are leading candidates for the seeds of the first quasars. Past numerical studies of the evolution of SMSs have typically assumed constant accretion rates…
Supermassive stars (SMSs) with $\sim10^{4-5}~\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$ are candidate objects for the origin of supermassive black holes observed at redshift $z$>6. They are supposed to form in primordial-gas clouds that provide the central stars…
Major mergers of gas-rich galaxies provide promising conditions for the formation of supermassive black holes (SMBHs; $\gtrsim10^5$ M$_\odot$) by direct collapse because they can trigger mass inflows as high as $10^4-10^5$ M$_\odot$…
The collapse of baryons into extremely massive stars with masses exceeding 10^4 M_Sun in a small fraction of protogalaxies at z > 10 is a promising candidate for the origin of supermassive black holes, some of which grow to a billion solar…
The formation of SMSs is a potential pathway to seed SMBHs in the early universe. A critical issue for forming SMSs is stellar UV feedback, which may limit the stellar mass growth via accretion. In this paper we study the evolution of an…
Mass accretion onto (proto-)stars at high accretion rates > 10^-4 M_sun/yr is expected in massive star formation. We study the evolution of massive protostars at such high rates by numerically solving the stellar structure equations. In…
One of the most promising explanations for the origin of the billion solar mass black holes (BHs) inferred to power quasars at redshifts z > 6 is that supermassive stars (SMSs) with masses > 10,000 solar masses collapse to form the seed BHs…
Supermassive stars (SMSs) collapsing via the general-relativistic (GR) instability are invoked as the possible progenitors of supermassive black holes. Their mass and angular momentum at the onset of the instability are key in many…