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The key parameters of Cherenkov Correlated Timing (CCT) detectors are discussed. Measurements of radiator geometry, optical properties of radiator and coupling materials, and photon detector timing performance are presented.
高能物理 - 实验 · 物理学
2009-10-28
D. Aronstein , T. Bergfeld , D. Horton , M. Palmer , M. Selen , G. Thayer , V. Boyer , K. Honscheid , H. Kichimi , Y. Sugaya , H. Yamaguchi , Y. Yoshimura , S. Kanda , S. Olsen , K. Ueno , N. Tamura , K. Yoshimura , C. Lu , D. Marlow , C. Mindas , E. Prebys , P. Pomianowski
High-energy cosmic rays are observed indirectly by detecting the extensive air showers initiated in Earth's atmosphere. The interpretation of these observations relies on accurate models of air shower physics, which is a challenge and an…
高能天体物理现象 · 物理学
2022-04-05
Johannes Albrecht , Lorenzo Cazon , Hans Dembinski , Anatoli Fedynitch , Karl-Heinz Kampert , Tanguy Pierog , Wolfgang Rhode , Dennis Soldin , Bernhard Spaan , Ralf Ulrich , Michael Unger
The composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays is an important issue in astroparticle physics research, and additional experimental results are required for further progress. Here we investigate what can be learned from the statistical…
The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) started physics data taking on 26 August 2025. JUNO consists of a 20-kton liquid scintillator central detector, surrounded by a 35 kton water pool serving as a Cherenkov veto, and almost…
高能物理 - 实验 · 物理学
2025-11-19
Angel Abusleme , Thomas Adam , Kai Adamowicz , David Adey , Shakeel Ahmad , Rizwan Ahmed , Timo Ahola , Sebastiano Aiello , Fengpeng An , Guangpeng An , Costas Andreopoulos , Giuseppe Andronico , João Pedro Athayde Marcondes de André , Nikolay Anfimov , Vito Antonelli , Tatiana Antoshkina , Burin Asavapibhop , Didier Auguste , Margherita Buizza Avanzini , Andrej Babic , Jingzhi Bai , Weidong Bai , Nikita Balashov , Roberto Barbera , Andrea Barresi , Davide Basilico , Eric Baussan , Beatrice Bellantonio , Marco Bellato , JeanLuc Beney , Marco Beretta , Antonio Bergnoli , Enrico Bernieri , Nikita Bessonov , David Biaré , Daniel Bick , Lukas Bieger , Svetlana Biktemerova , Thilo Birkenfeld , David Blum , Simon Blyth , Sara Boarin , Manuel Boehles , Anastasia Bolshakova , Mathieu Bongrand , Aurélie Bonhomme , Clément Bordereau , Matteo Borghesi , Augusto Brigatti , Timothee Brugiere , Riccardo Brugnera , Riccardo Bruno , Jonas Buchholz , Antonio Budano , Max Buesken , Mario Buscemi , Severino Bussino , Jose Busto , Ilya Butorov , Marcel Büchner , Anatael Cabrera , Barbara Caccianiga , Boshuai Cai , Hao Cai , Xiao Cai , Yanke Cai , Yi-zhou Cai , Zhiyan Cai , Stéphane Callier , Steven Calvez , Antonio Cammi , Agustin Campeny , Dechang Cai , Chuanya Cao , Dewen Cao , Guofu Cao , Jun Cao , Yaoqi Cao , Rossella Caruso , Aurelio Caslini , Cédric Cerna , Vanessa Cerrone , Daniele Cesini , Chi Chan , Jinfan Chang , Yun Chang , Milo Charavet , Tim Charissé , Auttakit Chatrabhuti , Chao Chen , Guoming Chen , Haitao Chen , Haotian Chen , Jiahui Chen , Jian Chen , Jing Chen , Junyou Chen , Lihao Chen , Mali Chen , Mingming Chen , Pingping Chen , Po-An Chen , Quanyou Chen , Shaomin Chen , Shenjian Chen , Shi Chen , Shiqiang Chen , Sisi Chen , Xin Chen , Xuan Chen , Xurong Chen , Yi-Wen Chen , Yiming Chen , Yixue Chen , Yu Chen , Ze Chen , Zelin Chen , Zhang Chen , Zhangming Chen , Zhiyuan Chen , Zhongchang Chen , Zikang Chen , Brian Cheng , Jie Cheng , Yaping Cheng , Yu Chin Cheng , Zhaokan Cheng , Alexander Chepurnov , Alexey Chetverikov , Davide Chiesa , Pietro Chimenti , Yen-Ting Chin , Pin-Jung Chiu , Po-Lin Chou , Ziliang Chu , Artem Chukanov , Neetu Raj Singh Chundawat , Anna Chuvashova , Gérard Claverie , Catia Clementi , Barbara Clerbaux , Claudio Coletta , Marta Colomer Molla , Flavio Dal Corso , Daniele Corti , Salvatore Costa , Simon Csakli , Chenyang Cui , Shanshan Cui , Lorenzo Vincenzo D'Auria , Olivia Dalager , Jaydeep Datta , Luis Delgadillo Franco , Jiawei Deng , Zhi Deng , Ziyan Deng , Wilfried Depnering , Hanna Didenko , Xiaoyu Ding , Xuefeng Ding , Yayun Ding , Bayu Dirgantara , Carsten Dittrich , Sergey Dmitrievsky , David Doerflinger , Tadeas Dohnal , Maria Dolgareva , Dmitry Dolzhikov , Chuanshi Dong , Haojie Dong , Jianmeng Dong , Lan Dong , Damien Dornic , Evgeny Doroshkevich , Wei Dou , Marcos Dracos , Olivier Drapier , Tobias Drohmann , Frédéric Druillole , Ran Du , Shuxian Du , Yujie Duan , Katherine Dugas , Stefano Dusini , Hongyue Duyang , Martin Dvorak , Jessica Eck , Timo Enqvist , Heike Enzmann , Andrea Fabbri , Ulrike Fahrendholz , Lukas Fajt , Donghua Fan , Lei Fan , Liangqianjin Fan , Can Fang , Jian Fang , Wenxing Fang , Marco Fargetta , Elia Stanescu Farilla , Anna Fatkina , Laurent Favart , Dmitry Fedoseev , Zhengyong Fei , Franz von Feilitzsch , Vladko Fekete , Li-Cheng Feng , Qichun Feng , Shaoting Feng , Giovanni Ferrante , Federico Ferraro , Daniela Fetzer , Giovanni Fiorentini , Andrey Formozov , Marcellin Fotzé , Amélie Fournier , Sabrina Franke , Arran Freegard , Florian Fritsch , Ying Fu , Haonan Gan , Feng Gao , Ruixuan Gao , Ruohan Gao , Shijiao Gao , Alberto Garfagnini , Gerard Gaudiot , Arsenii Gavrikov , Raphaël Gazzini , Christoph Genster , Diwash Ghimire , Marco Giammarchi , Agnese Giaz , Gianfranco Giordano , Nunzio Giudice , Franco Giuliani , Alexandre Goettel , Maxim Gonchar , Guanda Gong , Guanghua Gong , Hui Gong , Michel Gonin , Oleg Gorchakov , Yuri Gornushkin , Marco Grassi , Christian Grewing , Maxim Gromov , Vasily Gromov , Minhao Gu , Xiaofei Gu , Yu Gu , Mengyun Guan , Yuduo Guan , Nunzio Guardone , Rosa Maria Guizzetti , Cong Guo , Jingyuan Guo , Wanlei Guo , Yuhang Guo , Paul Hackspacher , Caren Hagner , Hechong Han , Ran Han , Xiao Han , Yang Han , Ziguo Han , Chuanhui Hao , Jiajun Hao , Vidhya Thara Hariharan , JinCheng He , Jinhong He , Miao He , Mingtao He , Wei He , Xinhai He , Ziou He , Tobias Heinz , Dominikus Hellgartner , Patrick Hellmuth , Shilin Heng , Yuekun Heng , Rafael Herrera , Daojin Hong , YuenKeung Hor , Shaojing Hou , Zhilong Hou , Fatima Houria , Yee Hsiung , Bei-Zhen Hu , Hang Hu , Hao Hu , Jianrun Hu , Jun Hu , Peng Hu , Tao Hu , Wei Hu , Yuxiang Hu , Zhuojun Hu , Chunhao Huang , Guihong Huang , Hanyu Huang , Hexiang Huang , Jinhao Huang , Junlin Huang , Junting Huang , Kairui Huang , Kaixuan Huang , Qinhua Huang , Shengheng Huang , Tao Huang , Wenhao Huang , Xiaozhong Huang , Xin Huang , Xingtao Huang , Yongbo Huang , Lian-Chen Huang , Jiaqi Hui , Lei Huo , Cédric Huss , Safeer Hussain , Leonard Imbert , Antonio Insolia , Ara Ioannisian , Daniel Ioannisyan , Ammad Ul Islam , Roberto Isocrate , Adrienne Jacobi , Arshak Jafar , Beatrice Jelmini , Kuo-Lun Jen , Soeren Jetter , Xiangpan Ji , Xiaolu Ji , Xingzhao Ji , Huihui Jia , Junji Jia , Yi Jia , Cailian Jiang , Chengbo Jiang , Guangzheng Jiang , Junjie Jiang , Wei Jiang , Xiaoshan Jiang , Xiaozhao Jiang , Yijian Jiang , Yixuan Jiang , Yue Jiang , Ruyi Jin , Shuzhu Jin , Xiaoping Jing , Cécile Jollet , Liam Jones , Jari Joutsenvaara , Sirichok Jungthawan , Philipp Kampmann , Markus Kaiser , Leonidas Kalousis , Bowen Kan , Li Kang , Michael Karagounis , Rebin Karaparambil , Matej Karas , Narine Kazarian , Ali Khan , Amir Khan , Amina Khatun , Khanchai Khosonthongkee , Florian Kiel , Patrick Kinz , Denis Korablev , Konstantin Kouzakov , Alexey Krasnoperov , Zinovy Krumshteyn , Andre Kruth , Tim Kuhlbusch , Sergey Kuleshov , Sindhujha Kumaran , 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Manhao Qu , Zhenning Qu , Muhammad Usman Rajput , Shivani Ramachandran , Gioacchino Ranucci , Neill Raper , Reem Rasheed , Thomas Raymond , Alessandra Re , Henning Rebber , Abdel Rebii , Bin Ren , Shanjun Ren , Yuhan Ren , Andrea Rendina , Cristobal Morales Reveco , Taras Rezinko , Barbara Ricci , Luis Felipe Piñeres Rico , Mariam Rifai , Markus Robens , Mathieu Roche , Narongkiat Rodphai , Fernanda de Faria Rodrigues , Lars Rohwer , Aldo Romani , Vincent Rompel , Bedřich Roskovec , Xiangdong Ruan , Xichao Ruan , Peter Rudakov , Saroj Rujirawat , Arseniy Rybnikov , Andrey Sadovsky , Sahar Safari , Giuseppe Salamanna , Deshan Sandanayake , Simone Sanfilippo , Anut Sangka , Nuanwan Sanguansak , Ujwal Santhosh , Giuseppe Sava , Utane Sawangwit , Julia Sawatzki , Michaela Schever , Jacky Schuler , Cédric Schwab , Konstantin Schweizer , Dmitry Selivanov , Alexandr Selyunin , Andrea Serafini , Giulio Settanta , Mariangela Settimo , Muhammad Ikram Shahzad , Yanjun Shan , Junyu Shao , Zhuang 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Yuning Sun , Zhanxue Sun , Zhengyang Sun , Narumon Suwonjandee , Troy Swift , Michal Szelezniak , Dušan Štefánik , Fedor Šimkovic , Ondřej Šrámek , Dmitriy Taichenachev , Christophe De La Taille , Akira Takenaka , Hongnan Tan , Xiaohan Tan , Haozhong Tang , Jian Tang , Jingzhe Tang , Qiang Tang , Quan Tang , Xiao Tang , Jihua Tao , Eric Theisen , Minh Thuan Nguyen Thi , Renju Tian , Yuxin Tian , Alexander Tietzsch , Igor Tkachev , Tomas Tmej , Marco Danilo Claudio Torri , Francesco Tortorici , Konstantin Treskov , Andrea Triossi , Wladyslaw Trzaska , Andrei Tsaregorodtsev , Alexandros Tsagkarakis , Yu-Chen Tung , Cristina Tuve , Nikita Ushakov , Guillaume Vanroyen , Nikolaos Vassilopoulos , Carlo Venettacci , Giuseppe Verde , Maxim Vialkov , Benoit Viaud , Cornelius Moritz Vollbrecht , Vit Vorobel , Dmitriy Voronin , Lucia Votano , Stefan van Waasen , Stefan Wagner , Pablo Walker , Jiawei Wan , Andong Wang , Caishen Wang , Chung-Hsiang Wang , Cui Wang , Derun Wang , En Wang , Guoli 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Peng Zhang , Ping Zhang , Qingmin Zhang , Rongping Zhang , Rui Zhang , Shaoping Zhang , Shiqi Zhang , Shu Zhang , Shuihan Zhang , Siyuan Zhang , Tao Zhang , Xiaofeng Zhang , Xiaomei Zhang , Xin Zhang , Xu Zhang , Xuan Zhang , Xuantong Zhang , Xuesong Zhang , Xueyao Zhang , Yan Zhang , Yibing Zhang , Yinhong Zhang , Yiyu Zhang , Yizhou Zhang , Yongjie Zhang , Yongpeng Zhang , Yu Zhang , Yuanyuan Zhang , Yue Zhang , Yueyuan Zhang , Yumei Zhang , Yuning Zhang , Zhenyu Zhang , Zhicheng Zhang , Zhijian Zhang , Zhixuan Zhang , Baoqi Zhao , Fengyi Zhao , Jie Zhao , Liang Zhao , Mei Zhao , Rong Zhao , Runze Zhao , Shujun Zhao , Tianchi Zhao , Tianhao Zhao , Yubin Zhao , Dongqin Zheng , Hua Zheng , Xiangyu Zheng , Yangheng Zheng , Weili Zhong , Weirong Zhong , Albert Zhou , Guorong Zhou , Li Zhou , Lishui Zhou , Min Zhou , Shun Zhou , Tong Zhou , Xiang Zhou , Xing Zhou , Yan Zhou , Haiwen Zhu , Jiang Zhu , Jingsen Zhu , Jingyu Zhu , Kangfu Zhu , Kejun Zhu , Zhihang Zhu , Ivan Zhutikov , Bo Zhuang , Honglin Zhuang , Liang Zong , Jiaheng Zou , Sebastian Zwickel , Jan Züfle
The method for studying characteristics of the response of optical modules of neutrino telescopes to various classes of events registered in the volume of the Cherenkov water detector NEVOD is discussed. Results of testing of an optical…
天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学
2021-10-07
S. S. Khokhlov , T. A. Karetnikova , V. V. Kindin , N. A. Pasyuk , A. A. Petrukhin , I. A. Shulzhenko
We have re-purposed portable plastic scintillator muon detectors, designed by the CosmicWatch project, for the measurement of electrons emitted by the decay of radioactive sources. For the latter purpose we have first calibrated the…
仪器与探测器 · 物理学
2019-08-20
Joaquin Masias , Franco Delgado , Lucía Coll , Alicia Pérez , José Bazo , Alberto Gago
In terms of the quark-gluon string model the analysis of the classic procedure to estimate the energy of giant air showers with help of the parameter s(600) (a density of energy deposition in the scintillator at a distance of 600 m from the…
天体物理学 · 物理学
2009-11-13
L. G. Dedenko , D. A. Podgrudkov , T. M. Roganova , G. F. Fedorova , E. Yu. Fedunin , G. P. Shozieev
The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory is a ground-based air-shower detector designed to study the TeV gamma and cosmic ray windows. The observatory is composed of a densely packed array of $300$ water Cherenkov tanks, $4.5$ m…
High-energy cosmic rays are observed indirectly by detecting the extensive air showers initiated in Earth's atmosphere. The interpretation of experimental data relies on accurate modeling of the air shower development. Simulations based on…
A first study of neutron tagging is conducted in Super--Kamiokande, a 50,000-ton water Cherenkov detector. The tagging efficiencies of thermal neutrons are evaluated in a 0.2 % GdCl$_{3}$-water solution and pure water. They are determined…
The average number of muons in air showers and its connection with shower development has been studied extensively in the past. With the upcoming detector upgrades, UHECR observatories will be able to probe higher moments of the…
A new family of parameters intended for composition studies is presented. They make exclusive use of surface data combining the information from the total signal at each triggered detector and the array geometry. We perform an analytical…
高能天体物理现象 · 物理学
2009-08-03
G. Ros , A. D. Supanitsky , G. A. Medina-Tanco , L. del Peral , M. D. Rodriguez-Frias
Cosmic rays interacting with the Earth's atmosphere generate extensive air showers, which produce Cherenkov, fluorescence and radio emissions. These emissions are key signatures for detection by ground-based, sub-orbital, and…
Cosmic rays interact with nuclei in the Earth's atmosphere to produce extensive air showers, which give rise to the atmospheric muon flux. Temperature fluctuations in the atmosphere influence the rate of muons measured in deep underground…
Muon tomography (MT), based on atmospheric cosmic rays, is a promising technique suitable for nondestructive imaging of the internal structures of mountains. This method uses the measured flux distribution after attenuation, combined with…
The determination of the primary energy of extensive air showers using the fluorescence detection technique requires an estimation of the energy carried away by particles that do not deposit all their energy in the atmosphere. This…
天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学
2019-11-11
The Pierre Auger Collaboration , A. Aab , P. Abreu , M. Aglietta , I. F. M. Albuquerque , J. M. Albury , I. Allekotte , A. Almela , J. Alvarez Castillo , J. Alvarez-Muñiz , G. A. Anastasi , L. Anchordoqui , B. Andrada , S. Andringa , C. Aramo , H. Asorey , P. Assis , G. Avila , A. M. Badescu , A. Bakalova , A. Balaceanu , F. Barbato , R. J. Barreira Luz , S. Baur , K. H. Becker , J. A. Bellido , C. Berat , M. E. Bertaina , X. Bertou , P. L. Biermann , J. Biteau , S. G. Blaess , A. Blanco , J. Blazek , C. Bleve , M. Boháčová , D. Boncioli , C. Bonifazi , N. Borodai , A. M. Botti , J. Brack , T. Bretz , A. Bridgeman , F. L. Briechle , P. Buchholz , A. Bueno , S. Buitink , M. Buscemi , K. S. Caballero-Mora , L. Caccianiga , L. Calcagni , A. Cancio , F. Canfora , J. M. Carceller , R. Caruso , A. Castellina , F. Catalani , G. Cataldi , L. Cazon , M. Cerda , J. A. Chinellato , J. Chudoba , L. Chytka , R. W. Clay , A. C. Cobos Cerutti , R. Colalillo , A. Coleman , M. R. Coluccia , R. Conceição , A. Condorelli , G. Consolati , F. Contreras , F. Convenga , M. J. Cooper , S. Coutu , C. E. Covault , B. Daniel , S. Dasso , K. Daumiller , B. R. Dawson , J. A. Day , R. M. de Almeida , S. J. de Jong , G. De Mauro , J. R. T. de Mello Neto , I. De Mitri , J. de Oliveira , F. O. de Oliveira Salles , V. de Souza , J. Debatin , M. del Río , O. Deligny , N. Dhital , M. L. Díaz Castro , F. Diogo , C. Dobrigkeit , J. C. D'Olivo , Q. Dorosti , R. C. dos Anjos , M. T. Dova , A. Dundovic , J. Ebr , R. Engel , M. Erdmann , C. O. Escobar , A. Etchegoyen , H. Falcke , J. Farmer , G. Farrar , A. C. Fauth , N. Fazzini , F. Feldbusch , F. Fenu , L. P. Ferreyro , J. M. Figueira , A. Filipčič , M. M. Freire , T. Fujii , A. Fuster , B. García , H. Gemmeke , A. Gherghel-Lascu , P. L. Ghia , U. Giaccari , M. Giammarchi , M. Giller , D. Głas , J. Glombitza , F. Gobbi , G. Golup , M. Gómez Berisso , P. F. Gómez Vitale , J. P. Gongora , N. González , I. Goos , D. Góra , A. Gorgi , M. Gottowik , T. D. Grubb , F. Guarino , G. P. Guedes , E. Guido , R. Halliday , M. R. Hampel , P. Hansen , D. Harari , T. A. Harrison , V. M. Harvey , A. Haungs , T. Hebbeker , D. Heck , P. Heimann , G. C. Hill , C. Hojvat , E. M. Holt , P. Homola , J. R. Hörandel , P. Horvath , M. Hrabovský , T. Huege , J. Hulsman , A. Insolia , P. G. Isar , I. Jandt , J. A. Johnsen , M. Josebachuili , J. Jurysek , A. Kääpä , K. H. Kampert , B. Keilhauer , N. Kemmerich , J. Kemp , H. O. Klages , M. Kleifges , J. Kleinfeller , R. Krause , D. Kuempel , G. Kukec Mezek , A. Kuotb Awad , B. L. Lago , D. LaHurd , R. G. Lang , R. Legumina , M. A. Leigui de Oliveira , V. Lenok , A. Letessier-Selvon , I. Lhenry-Yvon , O. C. Lippmann , D. Lo Presti , L. Lopes , R. López , A. López Casado , R. Lorek , Q. Luce , A. Lucero , M. Malacari , G. Mancarella , D. Mandat , B. C. Manning , P. Mantsch , A. G. Mariazzi , I. C. Mariş , G. Marsella , D. Martello , H. Martinez , O. Martínez Bravo , M. Mastrodicasa , H. J. Mathes , S. Mathys , J. Matthews , G. Matthiae , E. Mayotte , P. O. Mazur , G. Medina-Tanco , D. Melo , A. Menshikov , K. -D. Merenda , S. Michal , M. I. Micheletti , L. Middendorf , L. Miramonti , B. Mitrica , D. Mockler , S. Mollerach , F. Montanet , C. Morello , G. Morlino , M. Mostafá , A. L. Müller , M. A. Muller , S. Müller , R. Mussa , L. Nellen , P. H. Nguyen , M. Niculescu-Oglinzanu , M. Niechciol , D. Nitz , D. Nosek , V. Novotny , L. Nožka , A Nucita , L. A. Núñez , A. Olinto , M. Palatka , J. Pallotta , M. P. Panetta , P. Papenbreer , G. Parente , A. Parra , M. Pech , F. Pedreira , J. Pękala , R. Pelayo , J. Peña-Rodriguez , L. A. S. Pereira , M. Perlin , L. Perrone , C. Peters , S. Petrera , J. Phuntsok , T. Pierog , M. Pimenta , V. Pirronello , M. Platino , J. Poh , B. Pont , C. Porowski , R. R. Prado , P. Privitera , M. Prouza , A. Puyleart , S. Querchfeld , S. Quinn , R. Ramos-Pollan , J. Rautenberg , D. Ravignani , M. Reininghaus , J. Ridky , F. Riehn , M. Risse , P. Ristori , V. Rizi , W. Rodrigues de Carvalho , J. Rodriguez Rojo , M. J. Roncoroni , M. Roth , E. Roulet , A. C. Rovero , P. Ruehl , S. J. Saffi , A. Saftoiu , F. Salamida , H. Salazar , G. Salina , J. D. Sanabria Gomez , F. Sánchez , E. M. Santos , E. Santos , F. Sarazin , R. Sarmento , C. Sarmiento-Cano , R. Sato , P. Savina , M. Schauer , V. Scherini , H. Schieler , M. Schimassek , M. Schimp , F. Schlüter , D. Schmidt , O. Scholten , P. Schovánek , F. G. Schröder , S. Schröder , J. Schumacher , S. J. Sciutto , M. Scornavacche , R. C. Shellard , G. Sigl , G. Silli , O. Sima , R. Šmída , G. R. Snow , P. Sommers , J. F. Soriano , J. Souchard , R. Squartini , D. Stanca , S. Stanič , J. Stasielak , P. Stassi , M. Stolpovskiy , A. Streich , F. Suarez , M. Suárez-Durán , T. Sudholz , T. Suomijärvi , A. D. Supanitsky , J. Šupík , Z. Szadkowski , A. Taboada , O. A. Taborda , A. Tapia , C. Timmermans , C. J. Todero Peixoto , B. Tomé , G. Torralba Elipe , A. Travaini , P. Travnicek , M. Trini , M. Tueros , R. Ulrich , M. Unger , M. Urban , J. F. Valdés Galicia , I. Valiño , L. Valore , P. van Bodegom , A. M. van den Berg , A. van Vliet , E. Varela , B. Vargas Cárdenas , D. Veberič , C. Ventura , I. D. Vergara Quispe , V. Verzi , J. Vicha , L. Villaseñor , J. Vink , S. Vorobiov , H. Wahlberg , A. A. Watson , M. Weber , A. Weindl , M. Wiedeński , L. Wiencke , H. Wilczyński , T. Winchen , M. Wirtz , D. Wittkowski , B. Wundheiler , L. Yang , A. Yushkov , E. Zas , D. Zavrtanik , M. Zavrtanik , L. Zehrer , A. Zepeda , B. Zimmermann , M. Ziolkowski , Z. Zong , F. Zuccarello
We propose to build a large water-Cherenkov-type muon-detector array (Tibet MD array) around the 37,000 m$^{2}$ Tibet air shower array (Tibet AS array) already constructed at 4,300 m above sea level in Tibet, China. Each muon detector is a…
Muon component of extensive air showers (EAS) initiated by cosmic ray particles carries information on the primary particle identity. We show that the muon content of EAS could be measured in a broad energy range from 10-100 TeV up to…
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory studies cosmic-ray initiated extensive air showers (EASs) using the IceTop surface array, which is sensitive to the electromagnetic component and low-energy ($\sim$ GeV) muonic component of EASs. The…
Over the last two decades, various experiments have measured muon densities in extensive air showers over several orders of magnitude in primary energy. While some experiments observed differences in the muon densities between simulated and…