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Most of the properties of the Earth-Moon system can be explained by a collision between a planetary embryo and the growing Earth late in the accretion process. Simulations show that most of the material that eventually aggregates to form…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2015-06-24 Alessandra Mastrobuono-Battisti , Hagai B. Perets , Sean N. Raymond

The leading hypothesis for the origin of the Moon, that of a single giant impact, faces significant challenges. These include either the need for an impactor with a near-identical composition to Earth or an extremely high-mass or…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2025-12-12 Harrison Davies , Philip J. Carter , Louis Eddershaw , Jingyao Dou , Zoë M. Leinhardt

In the giant impact hypothesis for lunar origin, the Moon accreted from an equatorial circum-terrestrial disk; however the current lunar orbital inclination of 5 degrees requires a subsequent dynamical process that is still debated. In…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2018-02-12 Matija Ćuk , Douglas P. Hamilton , Simon J. Lock , Sarah T. Stewart

Understanding the Moon's formation mechanism is necessary for studying not only the Moon itself, but also the evolution, formation, habitability, and structure of other planets and the moons in the Solar system and in extrasolar planetary…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2014-02-04 Mukesh Gupta

The Earth's Moon is thought to have formed by an impact between the Earth and an impactor around 4.5 billion years ago. This impact could have been so energetic that it could have mixed and homogenized the Earth's mantle. However, this view…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2015-06-17 Miki Nakajima , David J. Stevenson

We simulate the hypothesised collision between the proto-Earth and a Mars-sized impactor that created the Moon. Amongst the resulting debris disk in some impacts, we find a self-gravitating clump of material. It is roughly the mass of the…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2020-12-09 Sergio Ruiz-Bonilla , Vincent R. Eke , Jacob A. Kegerreis , Richard J. Massey , Luis F. A. Teodoro

Various theories have been proposed to explain the Moon's current inclined orbit. We test the viability of these theories by reconstructing the thermal-orbital history of the Moon. We build on past thermal-orbital models and incorporate the…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2022-09-23 Brynna G. Downey , Francis Nimmo , Isamu Matsuyama

The solar system planets are benchmarks for the planet formation theory. Yet two paradigms coexist for the four terrestrial planets: the prolonged collisional growth among planetesimals lasting $>100$ million years (Myr) and the fast…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2024-11-25 Tong Fang , Rongxi Bi , Hui Zhang , You Zhou , Christian Reinhardt , Hongping Deng

The multiple impact hypothesis proposes that the Moon formed through a series of smaller collisions, rather than a single giant impact. This study advances our understanding of this hypothesis, as well as moon collisions in other contexts,…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2024-11-14 Uri Malamud , Hagai Perets

The paper discusses a model of the bombardment of the Earth and the Moon by small bodies when these planets were formed. It is shown that the total ice mass delivered with the bodies to the Earth from the feeding zone of the giant planets…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2021-12-14 M. Ya. Marov , S. I. Ipatov

The evolution of the orbits of bodies ejected from the Earth has been studied at the stage of its accumulation and early evolution after impacts of large planetesimals. In the considered variants of calculations of the motion of bodies…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2024-05-31 S. I. Ipatov

The (yet-to-be confirmed) discovery of a Neptune-sized moon around the ~3.2 Jupiter-mass planet in Kepler 1625 puts interesting constraints on the formation of the system. In particular, the relatively wide orbit of the moon around the…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2019-10-30 Adrian S. Hamers , Simon F. Portegies Zwart

Prevailing models for the formation of the Moon invoke a giant impact between a planetary embryo and the proto-Earth \citep{Canup_2004, Cuk_Stewart_2012}. Despite similarities in the isotopic and chemical abundances of refractory elements…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2021-05-04 S. Charnoz , P. A. Sossi , Y-N Lee , J. Siebert , R. Hyodo , L. Allibert , F. C. Pignatale , M. Landeau , A. V. Oza , F. Moynier

Simulations of the moon-forming impact suggest that most of the lunar material derives from the impactor rather than the Earth. Measurements of lunar samples, however, reveal an oxygen isotope composition that is indistinguishable from…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2010-12-27 Kaveh Pahlevan , David Stevenson

Three major planets, Venus, Earth, and Mercury formed out of the solar nebula. A fourth planetesimal, Theia, also formed near Earth where it collided in a giant impact, rebounding as the planet Mars. During this impact Earth lost…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2023-05-31 Richard B. Firestone

Similarities in the non-mass dependent isotopic composition of refractory elements with the bulk silicate Earth suggest that both the Earth and the Moon formed from the same material reservoir. On the other hand, the Moon's volatile…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2024-12-03 Gustavo Madeira , Leandro Esteves , Sebastien Charnoz , Elena Lega , Frederic Moynier

The giant impact (GI) is one of the most important hypotheses both in planetary science and geoscience, since it is related to the origin of the Moon and also the initial condition of the Earth. A number of numerical simulations have been…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2017-06-21 Natsuki Hosono , Masaki Iwasawa , Ataru Tanikawa , Keigo Nitadori , Takayuki Muranushi , Junichiro Makino

The proposed multi-impact model explains the formation of the Moon, Charon, and binary asteroids without invoking catastrophic cosmic events. The main elements of the new model are as follows: a. A primordial, low-mass proto-satellite disk…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2025-12-30 Nick Gorkavyi

The timing of the Moon's formation is fundamental to understanding the early Earth-Moon system. Ages of lunar magma ocean (LMO) crystallization have long been regarded as a key proxy for that event. Yet returned lunar sample ages cluster…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2026-04-07 Wenhao Zhao , Harriet Lau , Stephen Parman , James W. Head

We investigate the possibility that the Moon's formation impact was triggered by an early dynamical instability of the giant planets. We consider the well-studied "jumping Jupiter" hypothesis for the solar system's instability, where…

地球与行星天体物理 · 物理学 2021-08-11 Sandro R. DeSouza , Fernando Roig , David Nesvorný