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Large language models trained on code have shown great potential to increase productivity of software developers. Several execution-based benchmarks have been proposed to evaluate functional correctness of model-generated code on simple…

The idea of using unfolding as a way of computing a program semantics has been applied successfully to logic programs and has shown itself a powerful tool that provides concrete, implementable results, as its outcome is actually source…

Large language models for code (i.e., code LLMs) have shown strong code understanding and generation capabilities. To evaluate the capabilities of code LLMs in various aspects, many benchmarks have been proposed (e.g., HumanEval and…

Establishing fair and robust benchmarks is essential for evaluating intelligent code generation by large language models (LLMs). Our survey of 35 existing benchmarks uncovers three major imbalances: 85.7% focus on a single programming…

Comparison of programming languages is a common topic of discussion among software engineers. Few languages ever become sufficiently popular that they are used by more than a few people or find their niche in research or education; but…

MATLAB is a mathematical computing environment used by many engineers, mathematicians, and students to process and understand their data. Important to all data science is the managing of textual data. MATLAB supports two textual data…

In the Object-Oriented Programming Systems (OOPS), these two concepts namely function overloading and function overriding are a bit confusing to the programmers. In this article this confusion is tried to be removed. Both of these are the…

Multiple recent studies have documented large language models' (LLMs) performance on calling external tools/functions. Others focused on LLMs' abilities to handle longer context lengths. At the intersection of these areas lies another…

A central method for analyzing the asymptotic complexity of a functional program is to extract and then solve a recurrence that expresses evaluation cost in terms of input size. The relevant notion of input size is often specific to a…

Human written source code in imperative programming languages exhibits typical patterns for variable use such as flags, loop iterators, counters, indices, bitvectors etc. Although it is widely understood by practitioners that these variable…

We present $\textbf{calf}$, a $\textbf{c}$ost-$\textbf{a}$ware $\textbf{l}$ogical $\textbf{f}$ramework for studying quantitative aspects of functional programs. Taking inspiration from recent work that reconstructs traditional aspects of…

The performance of an application/runtime is usually thought of as a continuous function where, the lower the amount of memory/time used on a given workload, then the better the compiler/runtime is. However, in practice, good performance of…

The state of numerical computing is currently characterized by a divide between highly efficient yet typically cumbersome low-level languages such as C, C++, and Fortran and highly expressive yet typically slow high-level languages such as…

Currently, Python is one of the most widely used languages in various application areas. However, it has limitations when it comes to optimizing and parallelizing applications due to the nature of its official CPython interpreter,…

Existing profilers for scripting languages (a.k.a. "glue" languages) like Python suffer from numerous problems that drastically limit their usefulness. They impose order-of-magnitude overheads, report information at too coarse a…

The need to approximate functions is ubiquitous in science, either due to empirical constraints or high computational cost of accessing the function. In high-energy physics, the precise computation of the scattering cross-section of a…

Up to now, for efficiency reasons cryptographic algorithm has been written in an imperative language. But to get acquaintance with a functional programming language a question arises: functional programming offers some new for secure…

Lazy evaluation is a powerful tool for functional programmers. It enables the concise expression of on-demand computation and a form of compositionality not available under other evaluation strategies. However, the stateful nature of lazy…

Code benchmarks such as HumanEval are widely adopted to evaluate Large Language Models' (LLMs) coding capabilities. However, there is an unignorable programming language bias in existing code benchmarks -- over 95% code generation…

We explore asynchronous programming with algebraic effects. We complement their conventional synchronous treatment by showing how to naturally also accommodate asynchrony within them, namely, by decoupling the execution of operation calls…