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Helioseismology has discovered a thin layer beneath the solar surface where the rotation rate increases rapidly with depth. The normalized rotational shear in the upper 10 Mm of the layer is constant with latitude. Differential rotation…

The flux transport dynamo, in which the poloidal magnetic field is generated by the Babcock--Leighton mechanism and the meridional circulation plays a crucial role, has emerged as an attractive model for the solar cycle. Based on…

Long-term modulation of solar differential rotation was studied with data from Mt. Wilson and our original observations during Solar Cycles 16 through 23. The results are: i) The global B-value (i.e. latitudinal gradient of differential…

The differential rotation of anti-solar type detected by observations for several stars may result from a fast meridional flow. The sufficiently intensive meridional circulation may be caused by large-scale thermal inhomogeneities or,…

The influence of the basic rotation on anisotropic and inhomogeneous turbulence is discussed in the context of differential rotation theory. An improved representation for the original turbulence leads to a $\Lam$-effect which complies with…

We find that the mean meridional motion of the spot groups varies considerably on a time scale of about 5-20 years. The maximum amplitude of the variation is about 10-15 m/s in both the Sun's northern and the southern hemispheres. Variation…

The solar convection zone exhibits a strong level of differential rotation, whereby the rotation period of the polar regions is about 25-30% longer than the equatorial regions. The Coriolis force associated with these zonal flows…

Solar flares occur due to the sudden release of energy stored in active-region magnetic fields. To date, the pre-cursors to flaring are still not fully understood, although there is evidence that flaring is related to changes in the…

The precise shape of the Sun is sensitive to the influence of gravity, differential rotation, local turbulence and magnetic fields. It has been previously shown that the solar shape exhibits asphericity that evolves with the 11-year cycle.…

This paper considers the dominant dynamical, thermal and rotational balances within the solar convection zone. The reasoning is such that: Coriolis forces balance pressure gradients. Background vortex stretching, baroclinic torques and…

Mean-field hydrodynamics advanced to clear explanations for the origin and properties of the global meridional flow in stellar convection zones. Qualitative arguments and analysis of basic equations both show that the meridional circulation…

Helioseismology provides important constraints for the solar dynamo problem. However, the basic properties and even the depth of the dynamo process, which operates also in other stars, are unknown. Most of the dynamo models suggest that the…

We study the connections between the sun's convection zone and the evolution of the solar wind and corona. We let the magnetic fields generated by a 2.5D axisymmetric kinematic dynamo code (STELEM) evolve in a 2.5D axisymmetric coronal…

Understanding the irregular variation of the solar cycle is crucial due to its significant impact on global climates and the heliosphere. Since the polar magnetic field determines the amplitude of the next solar cycle, variations in the…

The Sun's surface vibrates in characteristic 5-minute oscillations, known as p-modes, generated by sound waves trapped within the convection zone. Although these oscillations have long been hypothesized to reach into the solar wind, direct…

We explore consequences for the solar dynamo of a newly-developed physical hypothesis describing a weak coupling of the orbital and rotational motions of extended bodies. The coupling is given by - c ((dL/dt) x omega sub alpha) x r, where…

Data obtained by the GONG and MDI instruments over the last seven years are used to study how solar dynamics -- both rotation and other large scale flows -- have changed with time. In addition to the well known phenomenon of bands of faster…

The stochastic excitation of solar oscillations due to turbulent convection is reviewed. A number of different observational results that provide test for solar p-mode excitation theories are described. I discuss how well the stochastic…

The diagram of indices of coronal and chromospheric activity allowed us to reveal stars where solar-type activity appears and regular cycles are forming. Using new consideration of a relation between coronal activity and the rotation rate,…

The sunspot solar cycle has been usually explained as the result of a dynamo process operating in the sun. This is a classical problem in Astrophysics that until the present is not fully solved. Here we discuss current problems and…