相关论文: Probability Density Functions to Represent Magneti…
We derive a first order linear differential equation describing the shape of the probability density function of magnetic field strengths in the quiet Sun (PDF). The modeling is very schematic. It considers convective motions which…
Theoretical investigations into the deflection angle caused by microlenses offer a direct path to uncovering principles of the cosmological microlensing effect. This work specifically concentrates on the the probability density function…
We investigate the behavior of the magnetic pressure, $b^2$, in fully turbulent MHD flows in ``1+2/3'' dimensions by means of its effect on the probability density function (PDF) of the density field. We start by reviewing our previous…
The probability density function (PDF) of some global average quantity plays a fundamental role in critical and highly correlated systems. We explicitly compute this quantity as a function of the magnetization for the two dimensional XY…
A probability density function (PDF) of a spatially dependent field provides a means of calculating moments of the field or, equivalently, the proportion of a spatial domain that is mapped to a given set of values. This paper describes a…
With the recent advent of circular polarization capabilities at the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), Zeeman effect measurements of spectral lines are now possible as a means to directly probe line-of-sight magnetic…
The properties of the probability distribution function of the cosmological continuous density field are studied. We present further developments and compare dynamically motivated methods to derive the PDF. One of them is based on the…
We perform high resolution ray-tracing simulations to investigate probability distribution functions (PDFs) of lensing convergence, shear, and magnification on distant sources up to the redshift of $z_s=20$. We pay particular attention to…
Using a suite of self-similar cosmological simulations, we measure the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of real-space density, redshift-space density, and their geometric mean. We find that the real-space density PDF is…
We derive the sampling probability density function (pdf) of an ideal localized random electromagnetic field, its amplitude and intensity in an electromagnetic environment that is quasi-statically time-varying statistically homogeneous or…
The one-point probability distribution function (PDF) of the matter density field in the universe is a fundamental property that plays an essential role in cosmology for estimates such as gravitational weak lensing, non-linear clustering,…
The characterization of magnetic fields within molecular clouds is fundamental to understanding star formation processes. Accurately gauging the three-dimensional structure of these fields presents a challenge, as observational techniques…
Magnetic fields are predicted to have a crucial impact on the structure, evolution and chemistry of protoplanetary disks. However, a direct detection of the magnetic field towards these objects has yet to be achieved. In order to…
We use the POLARIS radiative transport code to generate predictions of the two main observables directly sensitive to the magnetic field morphology and strength in filaments: dust polarization and gas Zeeman line splitting. We simulate…
A multi-line Bayesian analysis of the Zeeman broadening in the solar atmosphere is presented. A hierarchical probabilistic model, based on the simple but realistic Milne-Eddington approximation to the solution of the radiative transfer…
We introduce a method for calculating the probability density function (PDF) of a turbulent density field in three dimensions using only information contained in the projected two-dimensional column density field. We test the method by…
The quiet Sun photospheric plasma has a variety of magnetic field strengths going from zero to 1800 G. The empirical characterization of these field strengths requires a probability density function (PDF), i.e., a function P(B) describing…
We introduce the position-dependent probability distribution function (PDF) of the smoothed matter field as a cosmological observable. In comparison to the PDF itself, the spatial variation of the position-dependent PDF is simpler to model…
The probability distribution function (PDF) of the mass surface density is an essential characteristic of the structure of molecular clouds or the interstellar medium in general. Observations of the PDF of molecular clouds indicate a…
The probability density function (PDF) associated with a given set of samples is approximated by a piecewise-linear polynomial constructed with respect to a binning of the sample space. The kernel functions are a compactly supported basis…