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Physical cosmology tries to understand the Universe at large with its origin and evolution. Observational and experimental situations in cosmology do not allow us to proceed purely based on the empirical means. We examine in which sense our…

In the standard cosmological paradigm cosmic acceleration is to only be a very recent (viz. $z \leq 1$) phenomenon, with the universe being required to be decelerating at all higher redshifts. We suggest that this particular expectation of…

Nearly a century after the discovery that we live in an expanding Universe, and two decades after the discovery of accelerating cosmic expansion, there remains no direct detection of this acceleration via redshift drift - a change in the…

We show that the accelerated expansion of the Universe can be viewed as a crossover phenomenon where the Newton constant and the Cosmological constant are actually scaling operators, dynamically evolving in the attraction basin of a…

Recent observations on the redshift and magnitude of distant supernovae have raised fundamental questions of the cosmological structure and the development of space. Interpretation of the observations with the standard cosmology model…

The principles of General Relativity allow for a non-vanishing cosmological constant, which can possibly be interpreted at least partially in terms of quantum-fluctuations of matter fields. Depending on sign and magnitude it can cause…

We probe the recent cosmic expansion by directly reconstructing the deceleration parameter $q(z)$ at recent times with a linear expansion at $z=0$ using the low redshift SNIa and BAO data. Our results show that the observations seem to…

In the context of the new standard LambdaCDM cosmology we resolve conflicts in the literature regarding fundamental aspects of the expansion of the universe and cosmic horizons and we link these concepts to observational tests. We derive…

With the next generation of big telescopes such as the ELT and SKA it might become possible to measure changes in the expansion rate of the Universe in real time by measuring the change of the redshifts of a large number of galaxies over a…

There is sufficient amount of internal evidence in the nature of gravitational theories to indicate that gravity is an emergent phenomenon like, e.g, elasticity. Such an emergent nature is most apparent in the structure of gravitational…

In this note, we discuss how possible expansion histories of the universe can be inferred in a simple way, for arbitrary energy contents. No new physical results are obtained, but the goal is rather to discuss an alternative way of writing…

The expansion of the Universe is the basis of modern cosmology. This chapter outlines the theory behind the expansion of the universe, including the cosmological principle, distances, velocities, and accelerations. We provide basic…

Constancy of the speed of light together with the Hubble law lead in a doctrine of expanding universe to a conclusion that universe evolution is not only an expansion of space but also a deceleration of the course of physical time (Taganov,…

All the relativistic cosmological models of the universe, except Einstein's static model, imply that the 3-space of the spacetime of the universe is also expanding apart from the matter and the radiation in it. However, there is no…

The discovery that the expansion of the universe is accelerating in time is a major discovery which still awaits adequate explanation. It is generally agreed that this implies a cosmic repulsion as a result of the existence of a…

While modern cosmology, founded in the language of general relativity, is almost a century old, the meaning of the expansion of space is still being debated. In this paper, the question of radar ranging in an expanding universe is examined,…

In the standard cosmological theory one uses the Einstein concepts of space and time as were originally introduced for the special theory of relativity and the general relativity theory. According to this approach all physical quantities…

Cosmology is investigated within a new, scalar theory of gravitation, which is a preferred-frame bimetric theory with flat background metric. Before coming to cosmology, the motivation for an " ether theory " is exposed at length; the…

It has been demonstrated that a modern stage of the Universe expansion may be described in accordance with the observations within the scope of the space-time conformal geometry. The clock synchronization procedure in SR has been…

The ability to map the cosmological expansion has developed enormously, spurred by the turning point one decade ago of the discovery of cosmic acceleration. The standard model of cosmology has shifted from a matter dominated, standard…