The Ouroboros Goodstein Principle
Abstract
In arXiv:2508.14768, a variant of Goodstein's original process was recently introduced which, given a set of bases, writes each in -normal form, namely , where the greatest base below . The numbers and are then recursively written in -normal form, and finally each base of is replaced by a corresponding base of some other set . The resulting process was shown to terminate and to be independent of , but the proofs relied on two different ordinal assignments: one monotone but not tight enough to establish independence, and another suitable for independence but not monotone and thus ineffective for proving termination. We introduce a new ordinal assignment that simultaneously yields termination and independence, thereby revealing the `true' ordinals associated with the numbers in the process. This assignment allows us to investigate which restrictions to impose on the process in order for the proof-theoretic strength of its termination to lie between the systems , , and .
Cite
@article{arxiv.2603.19981,
title = {The Ouroboros Goodstein Principle},
author = {David Fernández-Duque and Milan Morreel and Andreas Weiermann},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.19981},
year = {2026}
}