English

The fractal Goodstein principle

Logic 2026-01-01 v4

Abstract

The original Goodstein process is based on writing numbers in hereditary bb-exponential normal form: that is, each number nn is written in some base b2b\geq 2 as n=bea+rn=b^ea+r, with ee and rr iteratively being written in hereditary bb-exponential normal form. We define a new process which generalises the original by writing expressions in terms of a hierarchy of bases BB, instead of a single base bb. In particular, the `digit' aa may itself be written with respect to a smaller base bb'. We show that this new process always terminates, but termination is independent of Kripke-Platek set theory, or other theories of Bachmann-Howard strength.

Cite

@article{arxiv.2508.14768,
  title  = {The fractal Goodstein principle},
  author = {David Fernández-Duque and Andreas Weiermann},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.14768},
  year   = {2026}
}
R2 v1 2026-07-01T04:58:35.540Z