English

The Ouroboros Goodstein Principle

Logic 2026-03-23 v1

Abstract

In arXiv:2508.14768, a variant of Goodstein's original process was recently introduced which, given a set BNB\subseteq \mathbb{N} of bases, writes each nNn\in\mathbb{N} in BB-normal form, namely n=bea+rn=b^ea+r, where bBb\in B the greatest base below nn. The numbers ee and rr are then recursively written in BB-normal form, and finally each base of BB is replaced by a corresponding base of some other set CNC\subseteq \mathbb{N}. The resulting process was shown to terminate and to be independent of KP\mathsf{KP}, but the proofs relied on two different ordinal assignments: one monotone but not tight enough to establish independence, and another suitable for independence but not monotone and thus ineffective for proving termination. We introduce a new ordinal assignment that simultaneously yields termination and independence, thereby revealing the `true' ordinals associated with the numbers in the process. This assignment allows us to investigate which restrictions to impose on the process in order for the proof-theoretic strength of its termination to lie between the systems RCA0\mathsf{RCA}_0, ACA0\mathsf{ACA}_0, ATR0\mathsf{ATR}_0 and KP\mathsf{KP}.

Cite

@article{arxiv.2603.19981,
  title  = {The Ouroboros Goodstein Principle},
  author = {David Fernández-Duque and Milan Morreel and Andreas Weiermann},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.19981},
  year   = {2026}
}
R2 v1 2026-07-01T11:29:50.867Z