English

On cyclic and nontransitive probabilities

Probability 2021-08-10 v3

Abstract

Motivated by classical nontransitivity paradoxes, we call an nn-tuple (x1,,xn)[0,1]n(x_1,\dots,x_n) \in[0,1]^n \textit{cyclic} if there exist independent random variables U1,,UnU_1,\dots, U_n with P(Ui=Uj)=0P(U_i=U_j)=0 for iji\not=j such that P(Ui+1>Ui)=xiP(U_{i+1}>U_i)=x_i for i=1,,n1i=1,\dots,n-1 and P(U1>Un)=xnP(U_1>U_n)=x_n. We call the tuple (x1,,xn)(x_1,\dots,x_n) \textit{nontransitive} if it is cyclic and in addition satisfies xi>1/2x_i>1/2 for all ii. Let pnp_n (resp.~pnp_n^*) denote the probability that a randomly chosen nn-tuple (x1,,xn)[0,1]n(x_1,\dots,x_n)\in[0,1]^n is cyclic (resp.~nontransitive). We determine p3p_3 and p3p_3^* exactly, while for n4n\ge4 we give upper and lower bounds for pnp_n that show that pnp_n converges to 11 as nn\to\infty. We also determine the distribution of the smallest, middle, and largest elements in a cyclic triple.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2012.05198,
  title  = {On cyclic and nontransitive probabilities},
  author = {Pavle Vuksanovic and A. J. Hildebrand},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.05198},
  year   = {2021}
}

Comments

Accepted for publication in Involve

R2 v1 2026-06-23T20:51:05.528Z