English

Newton's method applied to rational functions: Fixed points and Julia sets

Dynamical Systems 2026-02-05 v2

Abstract

For a rational function RR, let NR(z)=zR(z)R(z).N_R(z)=z-\frac{R(z)}{R'(z)}. Any such NRN_R is referred to as a Newton map. We determine all the rational functions RR for which NRN_R has exactly two attracting fixed points, one of which is an exceptional point. Further, if all the repelling fixed points of any such Newton map are with multiplier 22, or the multiplier of the non-exceptional attracting fixed point is at most 45\frac{4}{5}, then its Julia set is shown to be connected. If a polynomial pp has exactly two roots, is unicritical but not a monomial, or p(z)=z(zn+a)p(z)=z(z^n+a) for some aCa \in \mathbb{C} and n1n \geq 1, then we have proved that the Julia set of N1pN_{\frac{1}{p}} is totally disconnected. For the McMullen map fλ(z)=zmλznf_{\lambda}(z)=z^m - \frac{\lambda}{z^n}, λC{0}\lambda \in \mathbb{C}\setminus \{0\} and m,n1m,n \geq 1, we have proved that the Julia set of NfλN_{f_\lambda} is connected and is invariant under rotations about the origin of order m+nm+n. All the connected Julia sets mentioned above are found to be locally connected.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2503.08498,
  title  = {Newton's method applied to rational functions: Fixed points and Julia sets},
  author = {Tarakanta Nayak and Soumen Pal and Pooja Phogat},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.08498},
  year   = {2026}
}

Comments

28 pages

R2 v1 2026-06-28T22:15:59.197Z