在 IceCube 中使用球面上 Transformer 编码的归一化流进行中微子方向的神经后验估计
高能物理 - 实验
2026-04-23 v1 高能天体物理现象
天体物理仪器与方法
人工智能
机器学习
摘要
IceCube 是一个位于地理南极的立方公里级中微子探测器。对 IceCube 中微子进行精确的方向重建对于与天体的关联至关重要。在此背景下，我们讨论了通过映射到二维球面上归一化流的 Transformer 编码器来进行中微子方向的神经后验估计。它为 IceCube 的两种主要事件形态——径迹和簇射——实现了新的 SOTA 角分辨率，同时显著快于传统的基于 B 样条的似然重建。全天扫描可以在几秒内完成，而不是几小时，并且无论后验范围是角分还是覆盖整个天空，计算时间都是恒定的。我们利用 平滑有理二次样条、尺度变换和旋转的组合，定义了一种新颖的球面归一化流分布，其参数作为 Transformer 编码器输出的整体被预测。我们测试了几种偏离原始 Transformer 架构的结构选择。特别是，我们发现双残差流、非线性 QKV 投影以及具有独立交叉注意力处理的独立类 token 能够提升测试时的性能。在 100 GeV 到 100 PeV 的整个训练能量范围内，簇射和径迹的角分辨率均有大幅提升。例如，在 100 TeV 沉积能量下，与基于 B 样条的 SOTA 似然重建相比，贯穿径迹的中值角分辨率提升了 1.3 倍，簇射提升了 1.7 倍，起始径迹提升了 2.5 倍。虽然之前的机器学习（ML）努力已经成功获得了具有竞争力的簇射分辨率，但这是首次有基于 ML 的方法在 100 GeV 以上优于基于似然的 μ 子重建。
引用
@article{arxiv.2604.19846,
title = {Neural posterior estimation of the neutrino direction in IceCube using transformer-encoded normalizing flows on the sphere},
author = {R. Abbasi and M. Ackermann and J. Adams and J. A. Aguilar and M. Ahlers and J. M. Alameddine and S. Ali and N. M. Amin and K. Andeen and C. Argüelles and Y. Ashida and S. Athanasiadou and S. N. Axani and R. Babu and X. Bai and A. Balagopal V. and S. W. Barwick and V. Basu and R. Bay and J. J. Beatty and J. Becker Tjus and P. Behrens and J. Beise and C. Bellenghi and S. Benkel and S. BenZvi and D. Berley and E. Bernardini and D. Z. Besson and E. Blaufuss and L. Bloom and S. Blot and F. Bontempo and J. Y. Book Motzkin and C. Boscolo Meneguolo and S. Böser and O. Botner and J. Böttcher and J. Braun and B. Brinson and Z. Brisson-Tsavoussis and R. T. Burley and D. Butterfield and K. Carloni and J. Carpio and N. Chau and Z. Chen and D. Chirkin and S. Choi and A. Chubarov and B. A. Clark and G. H. Collin and D. A. Coloma Borja and A. Connolly and J. M. Conrad and D. F. Cowen and C. De Clercq and J. J. DeLaunay and D. Delgado and T. Delmeulle and S. Deng and P. Desiati and K. D. de Vries and G. de Wasseige and T. DeYoung and J. C. Díaz-Vélez and S. DiKerby and T. Ding and M. Dittmer and A. Domi and L. Draper and L. Dueser and D. Durnford and K. Dutta and M. A. DuVernois and T. Ehrhardt and L. Eidenschink and A. Eimer and C. Eldridge and P. Eller and E. Ellinger and D. Elsässer and R. Engel and H. Erpenbeck and W. Esmail and S. Eulig and J. Evans and P. A. Evenson and K. L. Fan and K. Fang and K. Farrag and A. R. Fazely and A. Fedynitch and N. Feigl and C. Finley and D. Fox and A. Franckowiak and S. Fukami and P. Fürst and J. Gallagher and E. Ganster and A. Garcia and M. Garcia and E. Genton and L. Gerhardt and A. Ghadimi and C. Glaser and T. Glüsenkamp and J. G. Gonzalez and S. Goswami and A. Granados and D. Grant and S. J. Gray and S. Griffin and K. M. Groth and D. Guevel and C. Günther and P. Gutjahr and C. Ha and A. Hallgren and L. Halve and F. Halzen and L. Hamacher and M. Handt and K. Hanson and J. Hardin and A. A. Harnisch and P. Hatch and A. 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Krupczak and A. Kumar and E. Kun and N. Kurahashi and C. Lagunas Gualda and L. Lallement Arnaud and M. J. Larson and F. Lauber and J. P. Lazar and K. Leonard DeHolton and A. Leszczyńska and C. Li and J. Liao and C. Lin and Q. R. Liu and Y. T. Liu and M. Liubarska and C. Love and L. Lu and F. Lucarelli and W. Luszczak and Y. Lyu and M. Macdonald and E. Magnus and Y. Makino and E. Manao and S. Mancina and A. Mand and I. C. Mariş and S. Marka and Z. Marka and L. Marten and I. Martinez-Soler and R. Maruyama and J. Mauro and F. Mayhew and F. McNally and K. Meagher and A. Medina and M. Meier and Y. Merckx and L. Merten and J. Mitchell and L. Molchany and S. Mondal and T. Montaruli and R. W. Moore and Y. Morii and A. Mosbrugger and D. Mousadi and E. Moyaux and T. Mukherjee and M. Nakos and U. Naumann and J. Necker and L. Neste and M. Neumann and H. Niederhausen and M. U. Nisa and K. Noda and A. Noell and A. Novikov and A. Obertacke and V. O'Dell and A. Olivas and R. Orsoe and J. Osborn and E. O'Sullivan and B. Owens and V. Palusova and H. Pandya and A. Parenti and N. Park and V. Parrish and E. N. Paudel and L. Paul and C. Pérez de los Heros and T. Pernice and T. C. Petersen and J. Peterson and S. Pick and M. Plum and A. Pontén and V. Poojyam and B. Pries and R. Procter-Murphy and G. T. Przybylski and L. Pyras and C. Raab and J. Rack-Helleis and N. Rad and M. Ravn and K. Rawlins and Z. Rechav and A. Rehman and I. Reistroffer and E. Resconi and S. Reusch and C. D. Rho and W. Rhode and L. Ricca and B. Riedel and A. Rifaie and E. J. Roberts and S. Rodan and M. Rongen and A. Rosted and C. Rott and T. Ruhe and L. Ruohan and D. Ryckbosch and J. Saffer and D. Salazar-Gallegos and P. Sampathkumar and A. Sandrock and G. Sanger-Johnson and M. Santander and S. Sarkar and M. Scarnera and M. Schaufel and H. Schieler and S. Schindler and L. Schlickmann and B. Schlüter and F. Schlüter and N. Schmeisser and T. Schmidt and A. Scholz and F. G. Schröder and S. Schwirn and S. Sclafani and D. Seckel and L. Seen and M. Seikh and S. Seunarine and P. A. Sevle Myhr and R. Shah and S. Shah and S. Shefali and N. Shimizu and B. Skrzypek and R. Snihur and J. Soedingrekso and D. Soldin and P. Soldin and G. Sommani and C. Spannfellner and G. M. Spiczak and C. Spiering and J. Stachurska and M. Stamatikos and T. Stanev and T. Stezelberger and T. Stürwald and T. Stuttard and G. W. Sullivan and I. Taboada and S. Ter-Antonyan and A. Terliuk and A. Thakuri and M. Thiesmeyer and W. G. Thompson and J. Thwaites and S. Tilav and K. Tollefson and J. A. Torres and S. Toscano and D. Tosi and K. Upshaw and A. Vaidyanathan and N. Valtonen-Mattila and J. Valverde and J. Vandenbroucke and T. Van Eeden and N. van Eijndhoven and L. Van Rootselaar and J. van Santen and J. Vara and F. Varsi and M. Venugopal and M. Vereecken and S. Vergara Carrasco and S. Verpoest and D. Veske and A. Vijai and J. Villarreal and C. Walck and A. Wang and E. H. S. Warrick and C. Weaver and P. Weigel and A. Weindl and J. Weldert and A. Y. Wen and C. Wendt and J. Werthebach and M. Weyrauch and N. Whitehorn and C. H. Wiebusch and D. R. Williams and L. Witthaus and G. Wrede and X. W. Xu and J. P. Yanez and Y. Yao and E. Yildizci and S. Yoshida and R. Young and F. Yu and S. Yu and T. Yuan and S. Yun-Cárcamo and A. Zander Jurowitzki and A. Zegarelli and S. Zhang and Z. Zhang and P. Zhelnin and P. Zilberman},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.19846},
year = {2026}
}