English

How to recognize a Leonard pair

Rings and Algebras 2019-01-31 v1

Abstract

Let VV denote a vector space with finite positive dimension. We consider an ordered pair of linear transformations A:VVA: V\rightarrow V and A:VVA^{*}: V\rightarrow V that satisfy (i) and (ii) below. (i) There exists a basis for VV with respect to which the matrix representing AA is irreducible tridiagonal and the matrix representing AA^{*} is diagonal. (ii) There exists a basis for VV with respect to which the matrix representing AA^{*} is irreducible tridiagonal and the matrix representing AA is diagonal. We call such a pair a Leonard pair on VV. In the literature, there are some parameters that are used to describe Leonard pairs called the intersection numbers {ai}i=0d\{a_{i}\}_{i=0}^{d}, {bi}i=0d1\{b_{i}\}_{i=0}^{d-1}, {ci}i=1d\{c_{i}\}_{i=1}^{d}, and the dual eigenvalues {θi}i=0d\{\theta^{*}_{i}\}_{i=0}^{d}. In this paper, we provide two characterizations of Leonard pairs. For the first characterization, the focus is on the {ai}i=0d\{a_{i}\}_{i=0}^{d} and {θi}i=0d\{\theta^{*}_{i}\}_{i=0}^{d}. For the second characterization, the focus is on the {bi}i=0d1\{b_{i}\}_{i=0}^{d-1}, {ci}i=1d\{c_{i}\}_{i=1}^{d}, and {θi}i=0d\{\theta^{*}_{i}\}_{i=0}^{d}.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.1901.10659,
  title  = {How to recognize a Leonard pair},
  author = {Edward Hanson},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.10659},
  year   = {2019}
}

Comments

17 pages

R2 v1 2026-06-23T07:26:35.610Z