构建量子超级计算机：从数百量子比特到数百万量子比特的扩展
量子物理
2026-03-16 v3 无序系统与神经网络
人工智能
分布式、并行与集群计算
摘要
在四十年的时间 span 中，量子计算从一种智力好奇心发展为一个潜在可实现的技术。今天，针对数百个物理量子比特上的量子算法原语已经实现了小规模演示。尽管如此，量子硬件、制造、软件架构和算法在通往全栈可扩展量子计算技术的道路上仍面临着显著的挑战。本文提供了这些扩展挑战的综合回顾。我们展示了通过采用现有的半导体技术来构建更高质量的量子比特、采用系统工程方法以及执行分布式异构 quantum-经典计算来促进扩展。我们根据基于超导量子比特的当前、目标和理想硬件规格，对面积代码错误纠正的量子计算机上的量子应用进行了详细的资源和灵敏度分析。我们为包括量子化学计算、催化剂设计、NMR 光谱和 Fermi-Hubbard 模拟在内的多个实用规模应用提供了全面的资源估计。我们表明，通过硬件改进和紧密的 quantum-HPC 集成，性能可以获得数量级的提升。此外，我们引入了用于 quantum 概率计算的高性能架构，该架构配备定制加速器，以经济方式解决当今行业规模的经典优化、机器学习和量子仿真任务。
关键词
引用
@article{arxiv.2411.10406,
title = {How to Build a Quantum Supercomputer: Scaling from Hundreds to Millions of Qubits},
author = {Masoud Mohseni and Artur Scherer and K. Grace Johnson and Oded Wertheim and Matthew Otten and Namit Anand and Navid Anjum Aadit and Yuri Alexeev and Gilad Ben-Shach and Kirk M. Bresniker and Kerem Y. Camsari and Barbara Chapman and Soumitra Chatterjee and Shuvro Chowdhury and Gebremedhin A. Dagnew and Tom Dvir and Aniello Esposito and Farah Fahim and Michael Ferguson and Marco Fiorentino and Archit Gajjar and Katerina Gratsea and Gaurav Gyawali and Christian Heiter and Ali H. Z. Kavaki and Abdullah Khalid and Xiangzhou Kong and Bohdan Kulchytskyy and Elica Kyoseva and Ruoyu Li and P. Aaron Lott and Igor L. Markov and Robert F. McDermott and Lucas Morais and Giacomo Pedretti and Pooja Rao and Eleanor Rieffel and Allyson Silva and John Sorebo and Panagiotis Spentzouris and Ziv Steiner and Boyan Torosov and Davide Venturelli and Robert J. Visser and Zak Webb and Xin Zhan and Yonatan Cohen and Pooya Ronagh and Alan Ho and Raymond G. Beausoleil and John M. Martinis},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.10406},
year = {2026}
}
备注
71 pages, 53 figures. General revision, added new sections, added figures, added references, added appendices