Experimental Quantum Key Distribution in an Indefinite Causal Order

In quantum physics the order in which different operations occur can be placed in superposition. The resulting processes have an indefinite causal order and are both of fundamental interest and can be viewed as a novel quantum resource that enables a variety of new protocols. Here we report an experimental implementation of one such protocol, where we perform BB84-like quantum cryptography by placing Alice and Bob's measurement-and-preparation operations in a photonic quantum SWITCH. By embedding Alice and Bob within the quantum SWITCH, the protocol achieves an average eavesdropper detection probability of $0.15 \pm 0.02$ per shared qubit, with eavesdropper detection performed through measurements of the control qubit rather than by comparing the key. Unlike the standard BB84 and related schemes, which detect eavesdropping by publicly revealing and discarding a fraction of the raw key, our approach requires no disclosure of key material: every retained qubit can, in principle, be tested for eavesdropping while remaining available for key generation. The experiment relies on a new measurement technique that allows the polarization of a photon to be measured inside the quantum SWITCH without destroying path coherence. Although the present implementation does not yet constitute a secure quantum key distribution protocol, owing to the post-selection required for measurements within the quantum SWITCH, it provides a proof of principle that indefinite causal order can be exploited to detect eavesdropping without sacrificing key bits.