Related papers: The multifragmentation of spectator matter
We analyze the thermodynamical state of nuclear matter in transport calculations of heavy--ion reactions. In particular we determine temperatures and radial flow parameters from an analysis of fragment energy spectra and compare to local…
We investigate the thermodynamical properties of nuclear matter in heavy ion collisions, in particular with respect to questions of thermodynamical instability, phase transitions and fragmentation. For this we analyze results of…
In peripheral collisions of relativistic heavy ions highly excited spectators containing Lambda-hyperons can be produced. Such strange spectator matter may undergo a break-up into many fragments (multifragmentation) as it is well…
New results for the masses, excitation energies, temperatures, and densities of excited spectator systems at breakup are presented. They were obtained in two recent experiments with the ALADIN spectrometer at SIS in which reactions of…
New results for the strength of the symmetry energy are presented which illustrate the complementary aspects encountered in reactions probing nuclear densities below and above saturation. A systematic study of isotopic effects in spectator…
Based on the quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) picture, we aim to understand heavy-ion collisions in terms of participant spectator matter leading to various fragments of different sizes. The study is performed for symmetric as well as…
In peripheral high-energy heavy-ion collisions only parts of colliding nuclei interact leading to the production of a fireball. The remnants of such nuclei are called spectators. We estimated the excitation energy as a function of impact…
In peripheral heavy-ion collisions at ultra-relativistic energies, usually only parts of the colliding nuclei effectively interact with each other. In the overlapping zone, a fireball or quark-gluon plasma is produced. The excitation energy…
The N/Z dependence of projectile fragmentation at relativistic energies has been studied with the ALADIN forward spectrometer at the GSI Schwerionen Synchrotron (SIS). Stable and radioactive Sn and La beams with an incident energy of 600…
An detailed study of the thermodynamical state of nuclear matter in transport calculations of heavy--ion reactions is presented. In particular we determine temperatures from an analysis of the local momentum space distribution on one hand,…
We study the participant-spectator matter at the energy of vanishing flow for neutron-rich systems. Our study reveals similar behaviour of articipant-spectator for neutron-rich systems as for stable systems and also points towards nearly…
Two roads are presently being followed in order to establish the existence of a liquid-gas phase transition in finite nuclear systems from nuclear reactions at high energy. The clean experiment of observing the thermodynamic properties of a…
The property of limiting fragmentation of various observables such as rapidity distributions ($dN/dy$), elliptic flow ($v_{2}$), average transverse momentum ($\langle p_{T} \rangle$) etc. of charged particles is observed when they are…
Multifragmentation reactions without large compression in the initial state (proton-induced reactions, reverse-kinematics, projectile fragmentation) are examined, and it is verified quantitatively that the high temperatures obtained from…
The event-by-event analysis of heavy ions collisions is becoming possible with advent of large acceptance detectors: it can provide dynamical information which cannot be obtained from inclusive spectra. We identify some observables which…
Multifragmentation is the dominant decay mode of heavy nuclear systems with excitation energies near their binding energies and is characterized by a multiple production of nuclear fragments with intermediate mass. At relativistic…
A systematic study of isotopic effects in the break-up of projectile spectators at relativistic energies has been performed with the ALADiN spectrometer at the GSI laboratory. Searching for signals of criticality in the fragment production…
We present the simulations of heavy-ion collisions in terms of participant-spectator matter. We find that this matter depends crucially on the collision dynamics and history of the nucleons. The important changes in the momentum space are…
We aim to study the participant-spectator matter over a wide range of energies of vanishing flow and masses. For this, we employed different model parameters at central and semi-central colliding geometries. Remarkably, a nearly mass…
Within the statistical multifragmentation model we study modifications of the surface and symmetry energy of primary fragments in the freeze-out volume. The ALADIN experimental data on multifragmentation obtained in reactions induced by…