Related papers: An Introduction to Virtual Spatial Graph Theory
Graph neural networks (GNNs) have attracted considerable attention from the research community. It is well established that GNNs are usually roughly divided into spatial and spectral methods. Despite that spectral GNNs play an important…
I present a summary of the recent progress made in field and string theory which has led to a reformulation of quantum-group polynomial invariants for knots and links into new polynomial invariants whose coefficients can be described in…
Over the years, several Bridges papers have delved into the concept of danceability of a knot diagram. Inspired by dancing on non-orientable surfaces, in this paper, we expand danceability to twisted virtual knot diagrams. This paper is…
Data science offers a powerful tool to understand objects in multiple sciences. In this paper we utilize concept of data science, most notably topological data analysis, to extend our understanding of knot theory. This approach provides a…
The fundamental quandle is a complete invariant for unoriented tame knots \cite{JO, Ma} and non-split links \cite{FR}. The proof involves proving a relationship between the components of the fundamental quandle and the cosets of the…
We introduce twelve polynomial invariants for long virtual knots, called intersection polynomials, extending and refining the three intersection polynomials for virtual knots. They are defined via intersection numbers of cycles on a closed…
We introduce virtual tribrackets, an algebraic structure for coloring regions in the planar complement of an oriented virtual knot or link diagram. We use these structures to define counting invariants of virtual knots and links and provide…
We modify the definition of spherical knotoids to include a framing, in analogy to framed knots, and define a further modification that includes a secondary 'coframing' to obtain 'biframed' knotoids. We exhibit topological spaces whose…
Many complex real-world systems exhibit inherently intertwined temporal and spatial characteristics. Spatio-temporal knowledge graphs (STKGs) have therefore emerged as a powerful representation paradigm, as they integrate entities,…
Loop Quantum Gravity provides a natural truncation of the infinite degrees of freedom of gravity, obtained by studying the theory on a given finite graph. We review this procedure and we present the construction of the canonical theory on a…
We discuss the theory of knots, and describe how knot invariants arise naturally in gravitational physics. The focus of this review is to delineate the relationship between knot theory and the loop representation of non-perturbative…
In this paper, we introduce invariants of virtual knotoids based on biquandles and biquandle virtual brackets. We show that one of these invariants, namely biquandle virtual bracket matrix, is a proper enhancement of the other invariants…
The connected sum of two flat virtual knots depends on the choice of diagrams and basepoints. We show that any minimal crossing diagram of a composite flat virtual knot is a connected sum diagram. We also show the crossing number of flat…
Complex networks or graphs are ubiquitous in sciences and engineering: biological networks, brain networks, transportation networks, social networks, and the World Wide Web, to name a few. Spectral graph theory provides a set of useful…
Manturov recently introduced the idea of a free knot, i.e. an equivalence class of virtual knots where equivalence is generated by crossing change and virtualization moves. He showed that if a free knot diagram is associated to a graph that…
Virtualization is a topic of great interest in the area of mobile and wireless communication systems. However the term virtualization is used in an inexact manner which makes it difficult to compare and contrast work that has been carried…
In this sequel to my previous paper, "Is String Theory in Knots?" I explore ways of constructing symmetries through an algebraic stepping process using knotted graphs. The hope is that this may lead to an algebraic formulation of string…
The roles that spin networks play in gauge theories, quantum gravity and topological quantum field theory are briefly described, with an emphasis on the question of the relationships among them. It is argued that spin networks and their…
This paper introduces two virtual knot theory ``analogues'' of a well-known family of invariants for knots in thickened surfaces: the Grishanov-Vassiliev finite-type invariants of order two. The first, called the three loop isotopy…
This article surveys the use of configuration space integrals in the study of the topology of knot and link spaces. The main focus is the exposition of how these integrals produce finite type invariants of classical knots and links. More…