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Magic squares are a fascinating mathematical challenge that has intrigued mathematicians for centuries. Given a positive (and possibly large) integer \( n \), one of the main challenges that still remains is to find, within a computational…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-06 João Vitor Pamplona , Maria Eduarda Pinheiro , Luiz-Rafael Santos

Let $L$ be an order-$n$ Latin square. For $X, Y, Z \subseteq \{1, ... ,n\}$, let $L(X, Y. Z)$ be the number of triples $i\in X, j\in Y, k\in Z$ such that $L(i,j) = k$. We conjecture that asymptotically almost every Latin square satisfies…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-07-26 Nathan Linial , Zur Luria

There exist pairs of orthogonal Latin squares of any order n except if n=2 or n=6 [Bose, Shrikhande and Parker, 1960]. In particular, the problem of Euler's thirty-six officers does not have a solution. However, it has a "quantum solution":…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-04 Simeon Ball , Robin Simoens

A method is developed here for building differentiable three-dimensional manifolds on multicube structures. This method constructs a sequence of reference metrics that determine differentiable structures on the cubic regions that serve as…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-04-13 Lee Lindblom , Oliver Rinne , Nicholas W. Taylor

A latin hypercuboid of order $N$ is an $N\times...\times N\times k$ array filled with symbols from the set $\{0,...,N-1\} $ in such a way that every symbol occurs at most once in every line. If $k=N$, such an array is a latin hypercube. We…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-01-20 Vladimir N. Potapov

In this article we investigate the existence of (2,3)-cordial labelings of oriented hypercubes. In this investigation, we determine that there exists a (2,3)-cordial oriented hypercube for any dimension divisible by 3. Next, we provide…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-03-13 Jonathan M. Mousley , Manuel A. Santana , LeRoy B. Beasley , David E. Brown

A frequency $n$-cube $F^n(4;2,2)$ is an $n$-dimensional $4$-by-...-by-$4$ array filled by $0$s and $1$s such that each line contains exactly two $1$s. We classify the frequency $4$-cubes $F^4(4;2,2)$, find a testing set of size $25$ for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-02-21 Minjia Shi , Shukai Wang , Xiaoxiao Li , Denis S. Krotov

A Latin square of order $n$ is an $n\times n$ matrix in which each row and column contains each of $n$ symbols exactly once. For $\epsilon>0$, we show that with high probability a uniformly random Latin square of order $n$ has no proper…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-08 Michael J. Gill , Adam Mammoliti , Ian M. Wanless

We define a magic square to be a square matrix whose entries are nonnegative integers and whose rows, columns, and main diagonals sum up to the same number. We prove structural results for the number of such squares as a function of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Matthias Beck , Moshe Cohen , Jessica Cuomo , Paul Gribelyuk

Quantum Latin squares are a generalization of classical Latin squares in quantum field and have wide applications in unitary error bases, mutually unbiased bases, $k$-uniform states and quantum error correcting codes. In this paper, we put…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-29 Yan Han , Yajuan Zang , Hongjiao Zhang , Zihong Tian

It is known that real Mutually Unbiased Bases (MUBs) do not exist for any dimension $d > 2$ which is not divisible by 4. Thus, the next combinatorial question is how one can construct Approximate Real MUBs (ARMUBs) in this direction with…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ajeet Kumar , Rakesh Kumar , Subhamoy Maitra , Uddipto Mandal

We derive formulas for the number of polycubes of size $n$ and perimeter $t$ that are proper in $n-1$ and $n-2$ dimensions. These formulas complement computer based enumerations of perimeter polynomials in percolation problems. We…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-05-11 Sebastian Luther , Stephan Mertens

We (1) determine the number of Latin rectangles with 11 columns and each possible number of rows, including the Latin squares of order~11, (2) answer some questions of Alter by showing that the number of reduced Latin squares of order $n$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-09-14 Brendan D. McKay , Ian M. Wanless

An $n\times n\times\dots\times n$ hypercube is made from $n^d$ unit hypercubes. Two unit hypercubes are neighbours if they share a $(d-1)$-dimensional face. In each step of a dismantling process, we remove a unit hypercube that has…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-26 János Barát , Ian M. Wanless

We prove several results about substructures in Latin squares. First, we explain how to adapt our recent work on high-girth Steiner triple systems to the setting of Latin squares, resolving a conjecture of Linial that there exist Latin…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-08-05 Matthew Kwan , Ashwin Sah , Mehtaab Sawhney , Michael Simkin

A cohomology theory for "odd polygon" relations -- algebraic imitations of Pachner moves in dimensions 3, 5, ... -- is constructed. Manifold invariants based on polygon relations and nontrivial polygon cocycles are proposed. Example…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2024-08-12 Igor G. Korepanov

In this paper, we present the problem of counting magic squares and we focus on the case of multiplicative magic squares of order 4. We give the exact number of normal multiplicative magic squares of order 4 with an original and complete…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2013-02-06 Stefano Barbero , Umberto Cerruti , Nadir Murru

A Latin square of side n defines in a natural way a finite geometry on 3n points, with three lines of size n and n^2 lines of size 3. A Latin square of side n with a transversal similarly defines a finite geometry on 3n+1 points, with three…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-08-26 Lou M. Pretorius , Konrad J. Swanepoel

We characterise $n$th order ODEs for which the space of solutions $M$ is equipped with a particular paraconformal structure in the sense of \cite{BE}, that is a splitting of the tangent bundle as a symmetric tensor product of rank-two…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2009-11-11 Maciej Dunajski , Paul Tod

Let $\mathrm{pod}_{-4}(n)$ denote the number of partition quadruples of $n$ where the odd parts in each partition are distinct. We find many arithmetic properties of $\mathrm{pod}_{-4}(n)$ involving the following infinite family of…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2015-11-04 Liuquan Wang