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Four mutually tangent spheres form two gaps. In each of these, one can inscribe in a unique way four mutually tangent spheres such that each one of these spheres is tangent to exactly three of the original spheres. Repeating the process…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2014-01-21 Dimitri Dias

Inspired by a question of Sarnak, we introduce the notion of a prime component in an Apollonian circle packing: a maximal tangency-connected subset having all prime curvatures. We also consider thickened prime components, which are…

The curvatures of the circles in integral Apollonian circle packings, named for Apollonius of Perga (262-190 BC), form an infinite collection of integers whose Diophantine properties have recently seen a surge in interest. Here, we give a…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2014-03-13 Katherine E. Stange

We present a generalization of Descartes' theorem for the family of polytopal sphere packings arising from uniform polytopes. The corresponding quadratic equation is expressed in terms of geometric invariants of uniform polytopes which are…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-03-05 Jorge L. Ramírez Alfonsín , Iván Rasskin

Polyhedral circle packings are generalizations of the Apollonian packing. We develop the theory of the Apollonian group, Descartes quadratic form, and related objects for all polyhedral packings. We use these tools to determine the domain…

A family of fractal arrangements of circles is introduced for each imaginary quadratic field $K$. Collectively, these arrangements contain (up to an affine transformation) every set of circles in the extended complex plane with integral…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-02-23 Daniel Martin

A bounded Apollonian circle packing (ACP) is an ancient Greek construction which is made by repeatedly inscribing circles into the triangular interstices in a Descartes configuration of four mutually tangent circles. Remarkably, if the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2010-01-25 Jean Bourgain , Elena Fuchs

This article highlights interactions of diverse areas: the Heron formula for the area of a triangle, the Descartes circle equation, and right triangles with integer or rational sides. New and old results are synthesized. We show that every…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Frank Bernhart , H. Lee Price

We introduce an orthoplicial Apollonian sphere packing, which is a sphere packing obtained by successively inverting a configuration of 8 spheres with 4-orthplicial tangency graph. We will show that there are such packings in which the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2014-01-14 Kei Nakamura

A parametrization of integral Descartes configurations (and effectively Apollonian disk packings) by pairs of two-dimensional integral vectors is presented. The vectors, called here tangency spinors defined for pairs of tangent disks, are…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2020-01-17 Jerzy Kocik

We prove that the set of quadratic growths attainable by integer-valued superharmonic functions on the lattice $\mathbb{Z}^2$ has the structure of an Apollonian circle packing. This completely characterizes the PDE which determines the…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2017-07-18 Lionel Levine , Wesley Pegden , Charles K. Smart

In this paper, we explore the geometry and the arithmetic of a family of polytopal sphere packings induced by regular polytopes in any dimension. We prove that every integral polytope is crystallographic, and we show that there are 11…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-10-14 Iván Rasskin

A circle of curvature $n\in\mathbb{Z}^+$ is a part of finitely many primitive integral Apollonian circle packings. Each such packing has a circle of minimal curvature $-c\leq 0$, and we study the distribution of $c/n$ across all primitive…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-24 James Rickards

The Apollonian circle packing, generated from three mutually-tangent circles in the plane, has inspired over the past half-century the study of other classes of space-filling packings, both in two and in higher dimensions. Recently,…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2019-03-11 Debra Chait , Alisa Cui , Zachary Stier

In this paper we study the integral properties of Apollonian-3 circle packings, which are variants of the standard Apollonian circle packings. Specifically, we study the reduction theory, formulate a local-global conjecture, and prove a…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2015-04-21 Xin Zhang

The Apollonian packings (APs) are fractals that result from a space-filling procedure with spheres. We discuss the finite size effects for finite intervals $s\in[s_\mathrm{min},s_\mathrm{max}]$ between the largest and the smallest sizes of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2011-11-23 Francesco Varrato , Giuseppe Foffi

We define spinors for pairs of tangent disks in the Euclidean plane and prove a number of theorems, one of which may be interpreted as a "square root of Descartes Theorem". In any Apollonian disk packing, spinors form a network. In the…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2019-09-17 Jerzy Kocik

We introduce an analog of Bianchi groups for rational quaternion algebras and use it to construct sphere packings that are analogs of the Apollonian circle packing known as integral crystallographic packings.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-09-10 Arseniy Sheydvasser

Haag, Kertzer, Rickards, and Stange disprove the Local-Global Conjecture for Apollonian circle packings. We extend their disproof to four more types of integral circle packing: the octahedral, cubic, square, and triangular packings. In each…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-27 Hanqi Shi , Wenyuan Shi , Ian Whitehead , Ham Williams-Tracy , Jeffrey Zhirui Zhang

A remarkably simple Diophantine quadratic equation is known to generate all Apollonian integral gaskets (disk packings). A new derivation of this formula is presented here based on inversive geometry. Also occurrences of Pythagorean triples…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2020-08-12 Jerzy Kocik