Related papers: How many quarks and leptons ?
Quarks come in three colors and have electric charges in multiples of one-third. There are also three families of quarks and leptons. Whereas the first two properties can be understood in terms of unification symmetries such as SU(5),…
Quarks and leptons, the fundamental building blocks of the subatomic world, manifest in three families - replicas with identical quantum numbers that differ only in their masses. After summarizing the present data, an overview is presented…
The various mass relations among members of quark and lepton families are given. Three mass relations for the charm, beauty, and top quark family members are given and three mass relations for the electron, muon, and tau lepton family…
Quarks and leptons, the fundamental building blocks of the subatomic world, manifest in three families - replicas with identical quantum numbers that differ only in their masses. After revisiting the key milestones that led to the discovery…
It is argued that the three families of quarks and leptons are the building blocks of all matter and all forces (leaving out gravity) among them are mediated by photons ($\gamma$), the weak bosons ($W^\pm$ and $Z$) and the gluons.
A compsite model of quarks and leptons is proposed. The quarks and leptons are given by three body states which are composed of constituents $(w_1, w_2, c_1, c_2, c_3)$ of SU(5)$_{flavor}$ and $(f_1, f_2, f_3)$ of SU(3)$_{family}$
Three families of quarks and leptons, one Higgs to rule them all, and in the darkness bind them.
The old issue of why there are more than one family of quarks and leptons is reinvestigated with an eye towards the use of anomaly as a tool for constraining the number of families. It is found that, by assuming the existence of…
The weak bosons consist of two fermions, bound by a new confining gauge force. The mass scale of this new interaction is determined. At energies below 0.5 TeV the standard electroweak theory is valid. A neutral isoscalar weak boson X must…
The possibility of additional quarks and leptons beyond the three generations already established is discussed. The make-up of this Report is (I) Introduction: the motivations for believing that the present litany of elementary fermions is…
If three right-handed neutrinos are added to the Standard Model, then, for the three known generations, there are six quarks and six leptons. It is then natural to assume that the symmetry considerations that have been applied to the quark…
The mass relations among respective quark family members are predicted and similar mass relation for the lepton family member are obtained. The volume of the volume element is also calculated which is (3/2)^(1/2).
The masses of quarks and leptons in units of $m_t$ are expressed in powers of $\sigma=\sqrt{m_c/m_t}$. The regularities found suggest specific mass matrices. They reproduce all masses and mixings in striking agreement with observation. A 90…
In the model every quark or lepton is identified with a quartet of four "more elementary" particles. One particle in a quartet is a massive spin-0 boson and other three particles are massless spin-1/2 fermions.
In the upcoming LHC Run 2, at $\sqrt{s} \sim13$ TeV, it is suggested to seek unusually charged ($Q= -4/3$ and $+5/3$) quarks with mass $M_Q \sim 3$ TeV which carry lepton number ($L = +2$ and $-2$ respectively) and decay superweakly to a…
To a first approximation, the quark mixing matrix has $\theta^q_{13} = \theta^q_{23} = 0$, whereas the lepton mixing matrix has $\theta^l_{23} = \pi/4$. We show how this structure may be understood if the family symmetry is $Q_8$, the…
The approach unifying all the internal degrees of freedom--proposed by one of us--is offering a new way of understanding families of quarks and leptons: A part of the starting Lagrange density in d(=1+13), which includes two kinds of spin…
The new quarks of a fourth family are being pushed into the strongly interacting regime due to the lower limits on their masses. The theoretical basis and experimental implications of such quarks are compared with exotic quarks.
An option of composite quarks and leptons is briefly outlined, where elementary color-triplet quark-like fermions are bound with an elementary color-triplet isoscalar scalar boson due to the color coupling 3* x 3* -> 3 and 3* x 3 -> 1,…
We introduce four fundamental quantum numbers based on the $D_4$ root system, giving a unified description of quarks and leptons. These numbers will make it possible to define electric charge in a simple way. By postulating a fundamental…