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McVittie's solution of Einstein's field equations, representing a point mass embedded into an isotropic universe, possesses a scalar curvature singularity at proper radius $R=2m$. The singularity is space-like and precedes, in the expanding…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-31 Brien C. Nolan

Bonazzola, Gourgoulhon, Grandcl\'ement, and Novak [Phys. Rev. D {\bf 70}, 104007 (2004)] proposed a new formulation for 3+1 numerical relativity. Einstein equations result, according to that formalism, in a coupled elliptic-hyperbolic…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 I. Cordero-Carrión , J. M. Ibáñez , E. Gourgoulhon , J. L. Jaramillo , J. Novak

A mathematically interesting hyperbolic solution to the Einstein field equations is studied on an eight-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian manifold $\mathbb{X}_{4,4}$ that is a spacetime of four space dimensions and four time dimensions. [The…

General Physics · Physics 2015-04-15 Patrick Lee Nash

In the 3+1 framework of the Einstein equations for the case of vanishing shift vector and arbitrary lapse, we calculate explicitly the four boundary equations arising from the vanishing of the projection of the Einstein tensor along the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 Simonetta Frittelli , Roberto Gomez

We clarify the relation between 2-form Einstein gravity and its topological version. The physical space of the topological version is contained in that of the Einstein gravity. Moreover a new vector field is introduced into 2-form Einstein…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Akika Nakamichi

Translation from the Latin of "Annotationes in locum quendam Cartesii ad circuli quadraturam spectantem" (1763). The passage Euler is referring to is the "Excerpta" in part 6, p. 6 of Descartes' 1701 "Opuscula posthuma". Before reading this…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2009-04-16 Leonhard Euler

We prove several theorems concerning the connection between the local CR embeddability of 3-dimensional CR manifolds, and the existence of algebraically special Maxwell and gravitational fields. We reduce the Einstein equations for…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2008-05-22 C. Denson Hill , Jerzy Lewandowski , Pawel Nurowski

The starting point of quantum mechanics is the relationship between energy and momentum: energy is proportional to the squared momentum! As a result, energy and momentum have not been treated equally. The wave equation required by…

Astrophysics · Physics 2010-01-30 Jin He

In this paper we explain how 4-dimensional general relativity and in particular, the Einstein equation, emerge from the spinfoam amplitude in loop quantum gravity. We propose a new limit which couples both the semiclassical limit and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-07-28 Muxin Han

The Einstein equation is derived from the proportionality of entropy and horizon area together with the fundamental relation $\delta Q=TdS$ connecting heat, entropy, and temperature. The key idea is to demand that this relation hold for all…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-11-01 Ted Jacobson

We consider a brane-world of co-dimension one without the reflection symmetry that is commonly imposed between the two sides of the brane. Using the coordinate-free formalism of the Gauss-Codacci equations, we derive the effective Einstein…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-09-06 Richard A. Battye , Brandon Carter , Andrew Mennim , Jean-Philippe Uzan

I propose an alternative $f(R)$ theory of gravity constructed by applying the function $f$ directly to the Ricci tensor instead of the Ricci scalar. The main goal of this study is to derive the resulting modified Einstein equations for the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-08-16 Tomasz Stachowiak

Relying on a fundamental empirical identity of heavy and inertial mass it is proposed to bring a status of general theory of relativity (GTR) of Einstein up to a level of Unified Field Theory. To do this, a thoroughgoing revision of…

General Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Boris Mordvinov

A general covariant extension of Einstein\'{}s field equations is considered with a view to Numerical Relativity applications. The basic variables are taken to be the metric tensor and an additional four-vector $Z_\mu$. Einstein's solutions…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-04-21 C. Bona , T. Ledvinka , C. Palenzuela , M. Zacek

A new semi-supervised machine learning package is introduced which successfully solves the Euclidean vacuum Einstein equations with a cosmological constant, without any symmetry assumptions. The model architecture contains subnetworks for…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-10-21 Edward Hirst , Tancredi Schettini Gherardini , Alexander G. Stapleton

We review recent efforts to re-formulate the Einstein equations for fully relativistic numerical simulations. The so-called numerical relativity (computational simulations in general relativity) is a promising research field matching with…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Hisa-aki Shinkai , Gen Yoneda

We propose an extension of General Relativity with two different metrics. To each metric we define a Levi-Cevita connection and a curvature tensor. We then consider two types of fields, each of which moves according to one of the metrics…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 S. Hossenfelder

A new approach to gravitational gauge-invariant perturbation theory begins from the fourth-order Einstein-Ricci system, a hyperbolic formulation of gravity for arbitrary lapse and shift whose centerpiece is a wave equation for curvature. In…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-04-21 Arlen Anderson , Andrew M. Abrahams , Chris Lea

The Lorentz transformations are represented on the ball of relativistically admissible velocities by Einstein velocity addition and rotations. This representation is by projective maps. The relativistic dynamic equation can be derived by…

Classical Physics · Physics 2010-08-23 Yaakov Friedman

Although the interpretation of complexity in extended theories of gravity is available in the literature, its illustration in $f(R,L_{m},\mathcal{T})$ theory is still ambiguous. The orthogonal decomposition of the Riemann tensor results in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-06-23 A. Rehman , Tayyab Naseer , Nazek Alessa , Abdel-Haleem Abdel-Aty