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The usual derivation of Einstein's field equations from the Einstein--Hilbert action is performed by silently assuming the metric tensor's symmetric character. If this symmetry is not assumed, the result is a new theory, such as Einstein's…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-08-05 Viktor T. Toth

Averaging in general relativity is a complicated operation, due to the general covariance of the theory and the non-linearity of Einstein's equations. The latter of these ensures that smoothing spacetime over cosmological scales does not…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-03 Chris Clarkson , Timothy Clifton , Alan Coley , Rockhee Sung

We make it precise what it means to have a connection with torsion as solution of the Einstein equations. While locally the theory remains the same, the new formulation allows for topologies that would have been excluded in the standard…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-08-02 M. A. Lledo , L. Sommovigo

It is shown in this article that if the Einstein Equivalence Principle is valid on a particular metric theory of gravitation in a spherically symmetric space-time, then the time metric component is not equal to the negative of the inverse…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-08-29 Sergio Mendoza

In the class of metrics of a generic conformal structure there exists a distinguishing metric. This was noticed by Albert Einstein in a lesser-known paper of 1921 (Berl. Ber., 1921, pp. 261-264). We explore this finding from a geometrical…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2017-10-03 Ignacio Sánchez-Rodríguez

We drastically simplify the problem of linearizing a general higher-order theory of gravity. We reduce it to the evaluation of its Lagrangian on a particular Riemann tensor depending on two parameters, and the computation of two derivatives…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-11-09 Pablo Bueno , Pablo A. Cano

We continue our study of the mixed Einstein-Hilbert action as a functional of a pseudo-Riemannian metric and a linear connection. Its geometrical part is the total mixed scalar curvature on a smooth manifold endowed with a distribution or a…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2020-07-27 Vladimir Rovenski , Tomasz Zawadzki

The recent "breakdown criterion" result of S. Klainerman and I. Rodnianski stated roughly that an Einstein-vacuum spacetime, given as a CMC foliation, can be further extended in time if the second fundamental form and the derivative of the…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2016-09-14 Arick Shao

A regularization procedure, that allows one to relate singularities of curvature to those of the Einstein tensor without some of the shortcomings of previous approaches, is proposed. This regularization is obtained by requiring that (i) the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-08-11 N. R. Pantoja , H. Rago

We investigate Riemannian manifolds $(M^n,g)$ whose curvature operator of the second kind $\mathring{R}$ satisfies the condition \begin{equation*} \alpha^{-1} (\lambda_1 +\cdots +\lambda_{\alpha}) > - \theta \bar{\lambda}, \end{equation*}…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2025-10-29 Xiaolong Li

As is well known, in order for the Einstein--Hilbert action to have a well defined variation, and therefore to be used for deriving field equation through the stationary action principle, it has to be amended by the addition of a suitable…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Thomas P. Sotiriou , Stefano Liberati

A systematic study of deformations of four-dimensional Einsteinian space-times embedded in a pseudo-Euclidean space $E^N$ of higher dimension is presented. Infinitesimal deformations, seen as vector fields in $E^N$, can be divided in two…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-02-01 Richard Kerner , Salvatore Vitale

Riemannian geometry in four dimensions naturally leads to an SL(3) connection that annihilates a basis for self-dual two-forms. Einstein's equations may be written in terms of an SO(3) connection, with SO(3) chosen as an appropriate…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Ingemar Bengtsson

While Einstein's theory of gravity is formulated in a smooth setting, the celebrated singularity theorems of Hawking and Penrose describe many physical situations in which this smoothness must eventually break down. In positive-definite…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-01-03 Robert J. McCann

Let $(M,g)$ be a Riemannian manifold, and $m$ be a second metric on $M$. We give expressions of $m$'s associated connection, and Riemann curvature tensor $R_m$, in terms of $R_g$ and certain combinations of covariant derivatives of $m$…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2018-01-23 Dan Gregorian Fodor

In this work we design a new domain decomposition method for the Euler equations in 2 dimensions. The basis is the equivalence via the Smith factorization with a third order scalar equation to whom we can apply an algorithm inspired from…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2009-09-04 Victorita Dolean , Frédéric Nataf

We construct higher-dimensional generalizations of the Eguchi-Hanson gravitational instanton in the presence of higher-curvature deformations of general relativity. These spaces are solutions to Einstein gravity supplemented with the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-11-03 Cristóbal Corral , Daniel Flores-Alfonso , Gastón Giribet , Julio Oliva

A covariant reformulation of General Relativity is briefly considered from three points of view: geometrodynamics, Lagrange-Euler field theory, and gauge field theory. From a geometrodynamics perspective, a definition of the reference frame…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Alexander Poltorak

In 1945 Einstein concluded that [1]: 'The present theory of relativity is based on a division of physical reality into a metric field (gravitation) on the one hand, and into an electromagnetic field and matter on the other hand. In reality…

General Physics · Physics 2016-10-13 Johan Bengtsson

The present article proposes a partial answer to the explicit inversion of the tensor tomography problem in two dimensions, by proving injectivity over certain kinds of tensors and providing reconstruction formulas for them. These tensors…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2015-06-18 François Monard