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Bayesian inference is used to estimate continuous parameter values given measured data in many fields of science. The method relies on conditional probability densities to describe information about both data and parameters, yet the notion…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-25 Klaus Mosegaard , Andrew Curtis

Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques are now widely used for cosmological parameter estimation. Chains are generated to sample the posterior probability distribution obtained following the Bayesian approach. An important issue is how…

We present a joint likelihood analysis of the halo power spectrum and bispectrum in real space. We take advantage of a large set of numerical simulations and of an even larger set of halo mock catalogs to provide a robust estimate of the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-11-23 Andrea Oddo , Federico Rizzo , Emiliano Sefusatti , Cristiano Porciani , Pierluigi Monaco

We propose an efficient Bayesian MCMC algorithm for estimating cosmological parameters from CMB data without use of likelihood approximations. It builds on a previously developed Gibbs sampling framework that allows for exploration of the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2016-03-29 Benjamin Racine , Jeffrey B. Jewell , Hans Kristian K. Eriksen , Ingunn K. Wehus

The statistical analysis of cosmological data often assumes a Gaussian sampling distribution and relies on covariance matrices estimated from simulations. In this setting, the likelihood function of the data is not Gaussian but is instead a…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-22 Alan Heavens , Lorne Whiteway , Elena Sellentin

We investigate whether a Gaussian likelihood, as routinely assumed in the analysis of cosmological data, is supported by simulated survey data. We define test statistics, based on a novel method that first destroys Gaussian correlations in…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2017-11-15 Elena Sellentin , Alan F. Heavens

There are several assumptions made in a standard $\chi^2$ analysis of data, including the frequent assumption that the likelihood function is well approximated by a multivariate Gaussian distribution. This article briefly reviews the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-02-09 Andrew W. Steiner

Accurate comparisons between theoretical models and experimental data are critical for scientific progress. However, inferred physical model parameters can vary significantly with the chosen physics model, highlighting the importance of…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-10-27 Sunil Jaiswal , Chun Shen , Richard J. Furnstahl , Ulrich Heinz , Matthew T. Pratola

Big Data often presents as massive non-probability samples. Not only is the selection mechanism often unknown, but larger data volume amplifies the relative contribution of selection bias to total error. Existing bias adjustment approaches…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-29 Ali Rafei , Carol A. C. Flannagan , Brady T. West , Michael R. Elliott

The posterior probability distribution for a set of model parameters encodes all that the data have to tell us in the context of a given model; it is the fundamental quantity for Bayesian parameter estimation. In order to infer the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-16 Rupert Allison , Joanna Dunkley

The original formulation of BEAMS - Bayesian Estimation Applied to Multiple Species - showed how to use a dataset contaminated by points of multiple underlying types to perform unbiased parameter estimation. An example is cosmological…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-03-02 James Newling , Bruce. A. Bassett , Renée Hlozek , Martin Kunz , Mathew Smith , Melvin Varughese

Using observation data to estimate unknown parameters in computational models is broadly important. This task is often challenging because solutions are non-unique due to the complexity of the model and limited observation data. However,…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-12-18 Jiacheng Wu , Jian-Xun Wang , Shawn C. Shadden

We look at the distribution of the Bayesian evidence for mock realizations of supernova and baryon acoustic oscillation data. The ratios of Bayesian evidences of different models are often used to perform model selection. The significance…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-07-20 Ryan E. Keeley , Arman Shafieloo

Physical theories that depend on many parameters or are tested against data from many different experiments pose unique challenges to statistical inference. Many models in particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology fall into one or both…

When inferring parameters from a Gaussian-distributed data set by computing a likelihood, a covariance matrix is needed that describes the data errors and their correlations. If the covariance matrix is not known a priori, it may be…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2016-01-27 Elena Sellentin , Alan F. Heavens

Bayesian analyses are often performed using so-called noninformative priors, with a view to achieving objective inference about unknown parameters on which available data depends. Noninformative priors depend on the relationship of the data…

Methodology · Statistics 2013-08-14 Nicholas Lewis

When fitting cosmological models to data, a Bayesian framework is commonly used, requiring assumptions on the form of the likelihood and model prior. In light of current tensions between different data, it is interesting to investigate the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-10-31 Jordan Krywonos , Simone Paradiso , Alex Krolewski , Shahab Joudaki , Will Percival

Interpretation of cosmological data to determine the number and values of parameters describing the universe must not rely solely on statistics but involve physical insight. When statistical techniques such as "model selection" or…

Astrophysics · Physics 2011-08-31 Eric V. Linder , Ramon Miquel

Summary statistics of the likelihood, such as the Bayesian evidence, offer a principled way of comparing models and assessing tension between, or within, the results of physical experiments. Noisy realisations of the data induce scatter in…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-04-30 B. Joachimi , F. Köhlinger , W. Handley , P. Lemos

Models with intractable likelihood functions arise in areas including network analysis and spatial statistics, especially those involving Gibbs random fields. Posterior parameter es timation in these settings is termed a doubly-intractable…

Computation · Statistics 2018-10-16 Lampros Bouranis , Nial Friel , Florian Maire