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As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly deployed, understanding the complexity and evolution of jailbreaking strategies is critical for AI safety. We present a mass-scale empirical analysis of jailbreak complexity across over 2…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Aldan Creo , Raul Castro Fernandez , Manuel Cebrian

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning improves multi-step mathematical problem solving in large language models but remains vulnerable to exposure bias and error accumulation, as early mistakes propagate irreversibly through autoregressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Shidong Cao , Hongzhan Lin , Yuxuan Gu , Ziyang Luo , Jing Ma

Tool-Integrated Reasoning has emerged as a key paradigm to augment Large Language Models (LLMs) with computational capabilities, yet integrating tool-use into long Chain-of-Thought (long CoT) remains underexplored, largely due to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Kun Li , Zenan Xu , Junan Li , Zengrui Jin , Jinghao Deng , Zexuan Qiu , Bo Zhou

The viability of chain-of-thought (CoT) monitoring hinges on models being unable to reason effectively in their latent representations. Yet little is known about the limits of such latent reasoning in LLMs. We test these limits by studying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Yi Xu , Philipp Jettkant , Laura Ruis

Large language models (LLMs) have made significant advancements across various tasks, but their safety alignment remain a major concern. Exploring jailbreak prompts can expose LLMs' vulnerabilities and guide efforts to secure them. Existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Xiaoning Dong , Wenbo Hu , Wei Xu , Tianxing He

While reciprocal self-disclosure drives intimacy, digital tools seldom scaffold autonomy, competence, and relatedness -- the motivational underpinnings defined by Self-Determination Theory (SDT) that enable deep exchange. We introduce a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Zhuoqun Jiang , ShunYi Yeo , Dorien Herremans , Simon Tangi Perrault

With the swift advancement of deep learning, state-of-the-art algorithms have been utilized in various social situations. Nonetheless, some algorithms have been discovered to exhibit biases and provide unequal results. The current debiasing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Shangxi Wu , Qiuyang He , Jian Yu , Jitao Sang

Extensive efforts have been made before the public release of Large language models (LLMs) to align their behaviors with human values. However, even meticulously aligned LLMs remain vulnerable to malicious manipulations such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Zeguan Xiao , Yan Yang , Guanhua Chen , Yun Chen

Table entailment, the binary classification task of finding if a sentence is supported or refuted by the content of a table, requires parsing language and table structure as well as numerical and discrete reasoning. While there is extensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Julian Martin Eisenschlos , Syrine Krichene , Thomas Müller

We propose CRAFT, a red-teaming alignment framework that leverages model reasoning capabilities and hidden representations to improve robustness against jailbreak attacks. Unlike prior defenses that operate primarily at the output level,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Haozheng Luo , Yimin Wang , Jiahao Yu , Binghui Wang , Yan Chen

Sequential experiments are often characterized by an exploration-exploitation tradeoff that is captured by the multi-armed bandit (MAB) framework. This framework has been studied and applied, typically when at each time period feedback is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Yonatan Gur , Ahmadreza Momeni

Jailbreak prompts can trigger harmful completions on aligned LLMs, In accordance, safety steering has been proposed: test-time activation interventions that steer jailbreak activations to trigger refusal while preserving benign utility.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Luoyu Chen , Weiqi Wang , Zhiyi Tian , Chenhan Zhang , Feng Wu , Jianhuan Huang , Ahmed Asiri , Shui Yu

Large language models are susceptible to jailbreak attacks, which can result in the generation of harmful content. While prior defenses mitigate these risks by perturbing or inspecting inputs, they ignore competing objectives, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Quan Liu , Zhenhong Zhou , Longzhu He , Yi Liu , Wei Zhang , Sen Su

The growing integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into critical societal domains has raised concerns about embedded biases that can perpetuate stereotypes and undermine fairness. Such biases may stem from historical inequalities in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Riccardo Cantini , Alessio Orsino , Massimo Ruggiero , Domenico Talia

This paper proposes Bayesian Adaptive Trials (BAT) as both an efficient method to conduct trials and a unifying framework for evaluation social policy interventions, addressing limitations inherent in traditional methods such as Randomized…

Jailbreak attacks expose vulnerabilities in safety-aligned LLMs by eliciting harmful outputs through carefully crafted prompts. Existing methods rely on discrete optimization or trained adversarial generators, but are slow,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 James Beetham , Souradip Chakraborty , Mengdi Wang , Furong Huang , Amrit Singh Bedi , Mubarak Shah

World models enable long-horizon planning by internally generating and evaluating imagined trajectories, making them a promising foundation for generalist agents. However, this imagination-driven decision process also introduces new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Siyuan Duan , Ke Zhang , Xizhao Luo

Information bottleneck (IB) principle [1] has become an important element in information-theoretic analysis of deep models. Many state-of-the-art generative models of both Variational Autoencoder (VAE) [2; 3] and Generative Adversarial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-06 Slava Voloshynovskiy , Mouad Kondah , Shideh Rezaeifar , Olga Taran , Taras Holotyak , Danilo Jimenez Rezende

With the widespread real-world deployment of large language models (LLMs), ensuring their behavior complies with safety standards has become crucial. Jailbreak attacks exploit vulnerabilities in LLMs to induce undesirable behavior, posing a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Jiaqi Wu , Chen Chen , Chunyan Hou , Xiaojie Yuan

Ensuring the safety and harmlessness of Large Language Models (LLMs) has become equally critical as their performance in applications. However, existing safety alignment methods typically suffer from safety-performance trade-offs and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Yichi Zhang , Siyuan Zhang , Yao Huang , Zeyu Xia , Zhengwei Fang , Xiao Yang , Ranjie Duan , Dong Yan , Yinpeng Dong , Jun Zhu