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Backdoor attacks are an insidious security threat against machine learning models. Adversaries can manipulate the predictions of compromised models by inserting triggers into the training phase. Various backdoor attacks have been devised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Xuanli He , Jun Wang , Benjamin Rubinstein , Trevor Cohn

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning is a critical capability for large language models (LLMs), enabling them to tackle com- plex multi-step tasks. While base LLMs, pre-trained on general text corpora, often struggle with reasoning due to a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Zijian Wang , Yanxiang Ma , Chang Xu

Open intent detection is a significant problem in natural language understanding, which aims to identify the unseen open intent while ensuring known intent identification performance. However, current methods face two major challenges.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-08 Hanlei Zhang , Hua Xu , Shaojie Zhao , Qianrui Zhou

We present IBR, an Iterative Backward Reasoning model to solve the proof generation tasks on rule-based Question Answering (QA), where models are required to reason over a series of textual rules and facts to find out the related proof path…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Hanhao Qu , Yu Cao , Jun Gao , Liang Ding , Ruifeng Xu

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for complex reasoning tasks, Long Chain-of-Thought (Long-CoT) prompting has emerged as a key paradigm for structured inference. Despite early-stage safeguards enabled by alignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Yuyi Huang , Runzhe Zhan , Lidia S. Chao , Ailin Tao , Derek F. Wong

Many adversarial defense methods have been proposed to enhance the adversarial robustness of natural language processing models. However, most of them introduce additional pre-set linguistic knowledge and assume that the synonym candidates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Yichen Yang , Xin Liu , Kun He

The performance of algorithmic decision rules is largely dependent on the quality of training datasets available to them. Biases in these datasets can raise economic and ethical concerns due to the resulting algorithms' disparate treatment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Yifan Yang , Yang Liu , Parinaz Naghizadeh

The pursuit of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is a central goal in language model development, in which consciousness-like processing could serve as a key facilitator. While current language models are not conscious, they exhibit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Hamid Reza Akbari , Mohammad Hossein Sameti , Amir M. Mansourian , Mohammad Hossein Rohban , Hossein Sameti

Recent advancements in Large Language Model (LLM) safety have primarily focused on mitigating attacks crafted in natural language or common ciphers (e.g. Base64), which are likely integrated into newer models' safety training. However, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Divij Handa , Zehua Zhang , Amir Saeidi , Shrinidhi Kumbhar , Md Nayem Uddin , Aswin RRV , Chitta Baral

Deploying large language model inference remains challenging due to their high computational overhead. Early exit optimizes model inference by adaptively reducing the number of inference layers. Current methods typically train internal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Lianming Huang , Shangyu Wu , Yufei Cui , Ying Xiong , Haibo Hu , Xue Liu , Tei-Wei Kuo , Nan Guan , Chun Jason Xue

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex reasoning tasks. However, they remain highly susceptible to jailbreak attacks that undermine their safety alignment. Existing defense mechanisms typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yu Pan , Wenlong Yu , Tiejun Wu , Xiaohu Ye , Qiannan Si , Guangquan Xu , Bin Wu

Defending against jailbreak attacks is crucial for the safe deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs). Recent research has attempted to improve safety by training models to reason over safety rules before responding. However, a key issue…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Di Wu , Yanyan Zhao , Xin Lu , Mingzhe Li , Bing Qin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly popular for their advanced text generation capabilities across various domains. However, like any software, they face security challenges, including the risk of 'jailbreak' attacks that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Jie Li , Yi Liu , Chongyang Liu , Ling Shi , Xiaoning Ren , Yaowen Zheng , Yang Liu , Yinxing Xue

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly vulnerable to a sophisticated form of adversarial prompting known as camouflaged jailbreaking. This method embeds malicious intent within seemingly benign language to evade existing safety…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Youjia Zheng , Mohammad Zandsalimy , Shanu Sushmita

Large language models (LLMs) can still be jailbroken into producing harmful outputs despite safety alignment. Existing attacks show this vulnerability, but not the internal mechanisms that cause it. This study asks whether jailbreak success…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Nilanjana Das , Manas Gaur

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) today rests on fixed benchmarks that apply the same set of items to any model, producing ceiling and floor effects that mask capability gaps. We argue that the most informative evaluation signal lies…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Haoxiang Wang , Da Yu , Huishuai Zhang

Intent-obfuscation-based jailbreak attacks on multimodal large language models (MLLMs) transform a harmful query into a concealed multimodal input to bypass safety mechanisms. We show that such attacks are governed by a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Md Farhamdur Reza , Richeng Jin , Tianfu Wu , Huaiyu Dai

This study reveals a critical safety blind spot in modern LLMs: learning-style queries, which closely resemble ordinary educational questions, can reliably elicit harmful responses. The learning-style queries are constructed by a novel…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Xuan Luo , Yue Wang , Zefeng He , Geng Tu , Jing Li , Ruifeng Xu

Large language models (LLMs) excel in various tasks but remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, where adversaries manipulate prompts to generate harmful outputs. Examining jailbreak prompts helps uncover the shortcomings of LLMs. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Weixiong Zheng , Peijian Zeng , Yiwei Li , Hongyan Wu , Nankai Lin , Junhao Chen , Aimin Yang , Yongmei Zhou

Large Language Models (LLMs) are commonly evaluated for robustness against paraphrased or semantically equivalent jailbreak prompts, yet little attention has been paid to linguistic variation as an attack surface. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Srikant Panda , Avinash Rai